Role of Spirituality in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease Essay Example for Free

Role of spirituality in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease EssaySpirituality, as be in this article entitled Role of Spirituality in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease, is the capacity to rise above life experiences, to celebrate life, and to experience joy. Spirituality is comprised of acceptance, the need for love, mercifulness, and self-fulfillment and it applies to all mankind on the other hand, being religious is relative to the persons religious group and its practices (Cooper-Effa, et al. , 2001).They have dual-lane a persons spiritual well-being into involving a religious component or a relationship with God and an existential component, which involves the individuals sense of life purpose. It was concluded in this study that those patients with a relatively high existential component were able to cope up more with the bruise and the over-all outcome of the disease. It has been known that spirituality can increase the ability to tolerate pain (cited in Landis, 1996).Thi s concept can be applied by acquiring the patients cooperation and trust, and then the obtain will facilitate a talk about spirituality. This will empower the patient to establish his spirituality and the nurse will also be able to develop closer ties with the patient, improving rapport. The nurse can further help the patient by getting him a spiritual counselor, as per patients request. By helping the patient strengthen his spirituality, an improvement in the patients over-all outlook on the disease, on life, and a probability of lesser pain may take place.Holistic practice in nursing is very important nowadays. As a nurse, there are several skills that should be present to help nodes achievement of spiritual needs. The nurse should be open to all kinds of religion and beliefs, he must try to maintain open minded. He or she should respect these beliefs and religious practices by not questioning the nature of these and by participating in these activities whenever the client wish es the nurse to. Also, nurses cannot let their own beliefs take over them.If there are circumstances wherein the nurse finds that he is unable to accept a clients belief or practice, then it would be best for the nurse to ask for help from another nurse discreetly. Patience, understanding, and wisdom are needed for a successful patient and nurse interaction.ReferencesJournal of the American Board of Family Practice. (2001). Role of Spirituality in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease. Retrieved February 01, 2008, from http//www. medscape. com/viewarticle/405838_1.

Robert frost- the road not taken Essay Example for Free

Robert frost- the road not pledgen Essay intent is full of obstacles that start out(p) been throw our way to see who is the strongest to survive, some make it to the end and some suffer more than in the process. When people open up to different opportunities, it is the sign response by human nature to pick the opportunity that impart give you the most benefit. The concept of having to pick between two paths has been identified in the numbers The Road Not Taken by Robert halt. in that location have been times when a person had to tell apart a specific path that they though they should contract but the truth of the matter was it ended up being the wrong pickaxe. In life it is normal for people to make mistakes because we were not created and induct in this world to be perfect. Nothing in life can be prefect because there is melancholy along side happiness. When reading this poem it is as if I am in this poem and I was watching from the sidelines but I can read into th e poets mind.Poems like this atomic number 18 rare the way they are told with such vivid imagery sets the scenery up in the readers mind. The diction ice uses to describe the fall season so adequately and imbeds it in the poem to run it more smoothly. In the first stanza, Frost says And formulati mavind down one as far as I could / To where it bent in the undergrowth, with such poetic significance that he is looking as far as he can into the two roads on one autumn day. He implies that he is sorry in the randomness line because he has a form of sorrow that he cannot travel both of the roads laid in the lead of him at once.Not only are these the paths to another day but also they are the paths to his future(a). That is when Frost freezes and has to decide which one would most benefit him. at present he is forced by his own willpower to stumble upon the second road to which he continues to talk about.By using play on address such as just and fair he confuses the reader. Fros t has a powerful way of making a poem become a study line by having the reader interpret his thoughts. Frost has the power of using similes when he compares the roads to being fair. Moving through the second stanza he pardons that he chose the second road only because he thought it was the rode less taken by any other human.He uses vivid phrases like it wasgrassy and wanted wear which makes it known to the readers of this poem that the path he chose to take was the path that not a lot of other people took because it looked fresh without any footsteps. secure when the reader thinks he has figured the poet out, Frost goes and complicates our understanding by comparing the two paths and declaring them equal to one another.Like every great poet, the reader finds everything out line-by-line, which makes his writing more of a mystery than a straightforward poem. In the beginning of the third stanza we learn that it is in fact morning when Frost decides to take the road he has chosen. We figure that out because he writes, And both that morning equally lay. Does he affirm that the reason why the road does not look used is because he might be the first person that day to take that path down to success or failure?Frost uses more fancy words in the poem to confuse us but really when he states In leaves no step had trodden black. he mentions the leaves havent turned black because people havent stepped on them or crushed them. Just like how the leaves survive the night, he compared it to himself in hopes that he will survive as well. Including an epiphany in the writing by saying Oh, I kept the first for another day not only shows us regret but also shows us some hopes he has in going natural covering one day and taking the road he did not choose the first time around.The next two lines where Frost wrote Yet knowing how way leads on to way, / I doubted if I should ever come cover song. really explain the medical prognosiss of being satisfactory to go back are one in a million. It would be foolish of him to think he would have a chance at something that can change in a second.In the final stanza of this great and powerful poem, Frost changes the tense of this poem to where he is in the future looking back to his preferences. He uses the word sigh that can portray galore(postnominal) meaning as if he said it from happiness or sadness or he is just reflecting upon his experience. But when Frost states Somewhere ages and ages hence it is obvious that this story he tells us, he will keep telling it many years from now. With a neat way of repeating the first line of the poem he brings his story to an end.The form repetition is used to help set up emphasis on the importance of the poem andwith that he says Two roads diverged in a wood, and I in which he compares himself to the road where he is standing. Frost reflects on his decision of taking the one less traveled in confidences that it has made him more unique. And he ended the poem by expres sing his experiences and looking back into his decisions. Frost realizes that if he were to take the road not traveled he would not have experienced all that he did. This ending of the poem shows equivocalness because he wants the richest experience possible.Thinking back on this poem helps us understand life much more, the fact that life is full of irony. In bad-tempered to this poem, the title of the poem itself is ironic because it is called The Road Not Taken where in fact he puts more emphasis on the road he DID take. This solid poem has been based around dreams, choices, hopes, and plans for the future. The fact that he uses nature as his surrounding he is metaphorically comparing it to life itself. If you were to dissect this poem further, you would realize that the poem is contradicting the way it is set up.While reading a poem about paths and choices it really it only leads you to think of your own struggles you have been through. I neer realized how much I have regrette d some of the choices I have made in my life. The only difference between my life and this poem was that I had to choose between not one or two paths but three. It also gets harder to distinguish which path you want when all the paths give you exactly one thing you treasure most.This poem connects to me personally because when I was starting high school I had to make a decision whether I wanted to full point with the crowd of friends I had that included some friends my parents didnt like or to make new friends which meant I had to open up to people, or initially take it one day at a time even if it meant to hurt my parents and go against their decisions. Ultimately it was somewhat of a loss to me because in any choice I made I lost something that was most important to me.I value friendship so much but I value my parents and their intellection so much more. Until this day I think about how my life would have been different if I didnt make the decision I did. Life is honestly too sh ort to live with regret but that doesnot mean that there wont be moments where you wish you had done something differently.I am proud of the path I chose and made new friends because in the end I was able to make my parents proud because they liked my new meeting of friends and I became apart of a new social circle. I never had anything handed to me in my life, whatever I wanted and wished for I was the one in charge for it. Just like Robert Frost I had to stand there and look as far as I could into my future to be able to make the choice that would be most right for me.Even though I lost so many friends that I was once close to, it helped me originate and also became a strong person. In this world we live in, we have to lose certain things to be able to gain more challenges that become second nature to us. The outcome of my choice of choosing to make new friends was that I gained more of my parents trust, attention, and love.Love is the most important thing other than health for a family to share. Frost showed me that in order to move forward in life, no matter how uncertain, you just have to give it a try and see what the outcome is. sometimes it wont be the outcome in which you wanted to acquire but it wont necessarily be one that you dread for the rest of your life. There will be moments where you will dwell on the past and hoped you had taken another road but you have to focus on the future.Looking back now, I do not regret the choice I made even if it involved losing some friends that had turned into family. Not everything in life is meant to be regretful. There are so many wonderful aspects of life we never figure out because we are too busy worrying about how operose an obstacle may be. God and life itself puts obstacles in our way to show us we can overcome any hardships. I knew by making my choice to make new friends I myself would become a better person. Just like the ending of Robert Frosts poem And that has made all the difference.

Importance of Therapeutic Relationship in Cognitive Therapy

Importance of Therapeutic copulationship in Cognitive TherapyWithin cognitive therapy, the remediation human conglutination, along with the emotional aspects of therapy in general, has historically been of less greatness than for other therapeutic modalities. In the last decade this has changed and in the so-called third wave in cognitive therapy there is a much great interest in the therapeutic blood (Hayes, Strosahl Wilson, 2004). This essay evaluates the relevance of the therapeutic relationship in cognitive therapy with reference to the result research.The term therapeutic relationship covers a wide range of factors inside therapy, each of which contrive been examined separately in the research. Hardy, Cahill and Barkham (2007) have suggested that it is useful to break down this research into three areas establishing the relationship, developing the relationship and, finally, maintaining the relationship. Starting with establishing a relationship, Sexton, Littauer, Se xton and Tmmers (2005) examined the first two sessions with 34 different clients using anonymous ratings at 20 consequence intervals. They found that better therapeutic alliances were associated with earlier meaningful connection and emotional involvement.Empathy is also thought to be a major component in establishing a relationship. The research on the contribution of empathy towards the therapeutic outcome has been subject to meta-analysis by Bohart, Elliott, Greenberg and Watson (2002). This found that between 7% and 10% of psychotherapy outcomes were explained by empathy indeed this relationship was particularly strong in cognitive therapies. Two further components central to establishing a relationship which have also garnered overconfident relationship with outcomes in the publications are engagement (e.g. Tryon, 2002) and mutual involvement (e.g. Tryon Winograd, 2002).The second research area is developing a relationship in order to progress clients must have a sense of commitment, trust and openness towards their therapist (Hardy, Cahill Barkham, 2007). This means the therapist must effectively manage the relationship, including negotiating factors like transference and counter-transference (Ligiero Gelso, 2002). This area, however, has not been extensively examined within cognitive therapy.The third research area is maintaining the relationship. Research has examined how therapists deal with the inevitable problems that arise in therapeutic relationships. Better outcomes are generally predicted by successfully dealing with challenges to the therapeutic relationship. Challenges studied have included negative feelings towards clients (Gelso Carter, 1985), disagreements (Safran, Muran, Samstag Stevens, 2001) and resistance (Binder Strupp, 1997). Stiles et al. (2004) looked at the overall pattern of alliance development over the course of two cognitive and psychodynamic therapies. They found that those who had ruptures in the therapeutic allian ce, which were subsequently repaired, had the best treatment outcomes. This, along with similar previous research by Kivlighan and Shaughnessy (2000) strongly underlines the importance of relationship maintenance in treatment outcome.Much of the research on the therapeutic alliance across treatment modalities has been reviewed in two meta-analyses (Horvath Symonds, 1991 Martin, Garske Davis, 2000). Both found validating support for its effect on outcome. In addition Norcross (2002) has estimated that 30% of psychotherapeutic outcomes are related to common factors mostly therapeutic alliance. This is compared to only a 15% influence of techniques a component of cognitive therapy that has traditionally been emphasised. This point, though, has proved controversial and DeRubeis, Brotman and Gibbons (2005) have criticised studies such as those cited above for merely providing correlational evidence. For example, almost without exclusion the studies analysed by Martin et al. (2000) were correlational. DeRubeis et al. (2005) argue that a good outcome could well be producing a good alliance, rather than the reverse. Further Safran and Muran (2006) criticise the meta-analyses for only explaining 6% of the outcome variance. Despite these criticisms Craighead, Sheets and Bjornsson (2005) point out that a strong therapeutic alliance is still a vital component of positive change and research continues to underline its importance in cognitive therapy (e.g. Krupnick et al., 2006).In conclusion, the research on the therapeutic alliance in cognitive therapy has generally demonstrated its association with a positive outcome for clients. The importance of establishing and maintaining relationships have both been demonstrated in cognitive therapy. Some have even suggested the supremacy of common factors such as the therapeutic alliance over specific techniques of the cognitive modality. These claims are tempered, however, by methodological concerns with correlational data, which mean that the therapeutic alliance could be a result of a good outcome. Despite this, given that current research continues to point to the benefits associated with the therapeutic alliance, it seems likely this factor will continue to emerge as a vital component of cognitive therapy.ReferencesBinder, J. L., Strupp, H. H. (1997). Negative affect a recurrently discovered and underestimated facet of therapeutic process and outcome in the individual psychotherapy of adults. clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 4(2), 121-139.Bohart, A. C. , Elliott, R., Greenberg, L., Watson, J. C. (2002). Empathy. In J. R. Norcross et al. (Eds.), psychotherapeutics Relationships That Work (pp. 89-108). New York Oxford University Press.Craighead, W. E., Sheets, E. S., Bjornsson, A. S. (2005). Specificity and nonspecificity in psychotherapy. clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 12(2), 189-193.DeRubeis, R. J., Brotman, M. A., Gibbons, C. J. (2005). A conceptual and methodological an alysis of the nonspecifics argument. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 12(2), 174-183.Gelso, C. J., Carter, J. A. (1985). The relationship in counseling and psychotherapy components, consequences, and theoretical antecedents. The Counseling Psychologist, 13(2), 155.Hardy, G., Cahill, J., Barkham, M. (2007). Active ingredients of the therapeutic relationship that promote client change a research perspective. In P. Gilbert R. L. Leahy (Eds.). The Therapeutic Relationship in the Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapies (pp. 24-42). Oxford Routledge.Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Wilson, K. D. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy an experiential approach to behaviour change. New York Guildford Press.Horvath, A. O., Symonds, B. D. (1991). Relation between be givening alliance and outcome in psychotherapy A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 139149.Kivlighan, D., Shaughnessy, P. (2000). Patterns of working alliance development A typology of clients workin g alliance ratings. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(3), 362-371.Krupnick, J. L., Sotsky, S. M., Elkin, I., Simmens, S., Moyer, J., Watkins, J., et al. (2006). The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy outcome findings in the national institute of mental health treatment of opinion collaborative research program. Focus, 4(2), 269-277.Ligiero, D. P., Gelso, C. J. (2002). Countertransference, attachment, and the working alliance The therapists contributions. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, and Training, 39(1), 3-11.Martin, D. J., Garske, J. P., Davis, M. K. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 438450.Norcross, J. C. (2002). Psychotherapy relationships that work therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients. Oxford Oxford University Press.Safran, J. D., Muran, J. C. (2006). Has the concept of the therapeutic allia nce outlived its usefulness. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43(3), 286-291.Safran, J. D., Muran, J. C., Samstag, L. W., Stevens, C. (2001). Repairing alliance ruptures. Psychotherapy, 38(4), 406-412.Sexton, H., Littauer, H., Sexton, A., Tmmers, E. (2005). Building an alliance Early therapy process and the clienttherapist connection. Psychotherapy Research, 15(1), 103-116.Stiles, W. B., Glick, M. J., Osatuke, K., Hardy, G. E., Shapiro, D. A., Agnew-Davies, R., et al. (2004). Patterns of alliance development and the rupture-repair hypothesis are productive relationships U-shaped or V-shaped? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 81-92.Tryon, G. S. (2002). Engagement in counselling. In G. S. Tryon (Ed.). Counseling based on process research Applying what we know (pp. 1-26). Boston Allyn Bacon.Tryon, G. S., Winograd, G. (2002). Goal consensus and collaboration. In J. R. Norcross (Ed.). Psychotherapy Relationships That Work (pp. 109-125). New York Oxford Unive rsity Press.

Introduction to Santander and its market plan

gateway to Santander and its securities industry planSantander is hotshot of the largest financial institutes in the terra firma with a consumer base of 66 billion lot worldwide execution in 40 countries with 150 years of experience making it the 5th largest lodge in the world by profit and the 7th largest by market capitalization (Santander Home Page).The success of a business lies with its collaboration and communication strategies with its customers and clients (Kotler Sitawan, 2007). Santander has enhance and developed its business by emphasizing the need to communicate and collaborate with consumer and customer demands prior to financial profit and cheekal benefits this is the biggest secret to its success. trade has evolved a great deal in the past decade and Kotler describes selling as the process by which companies create value for customers and build strong relationships in regularize to capture value from customers in return (Kotler, 1999).1.1.1 Marketing plan and mission the mission of Santander is dedicated to being a resilient financial institute part embracing a culture of market orientation and making customers priority and forefront of every strategy or plan formulated. The trade plan for Santander indeed stands to endeavor and to seek out and conserve the buoyancy of its customers and offer generous improvements adjust with consumer expectations and demands (Santander Home Page).1.1.2 Marketing plan and vision- the vision and soforth is capably aligned with the mission of the organization by unremittingly creating value mathematical products for customers offering a sense of belonging and a family environment where swear out be right harmonize to their requirements (Santander Home Page).2.1 Marketing plan in terms of changing market trendsMarketing has evolved a great deal and Kotler defined these transfigures in three stages (1) merchandise 1.0 (2) merchandising 2.0 and (3) selling 3.0 (Kotler Sitawan, 2007). The 1.0 merchandising strategy is epitomized by Henry Fords marketing strategy with respect to his T automobile Model stating any customer brush off have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black illustrating that marketing is about selling a single product on a large mass scale bearing in mind feasibility and low cost (Kotler Sitawan, 2007). Henceforth marketing 2.0 signifies technological trends of marketing epitomized as age of participation where collaborative marketing strategies i.e. news, advertisements and online marketing approaches like Wikipedia, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter etc are used for marketing products and go. Most of the organizations functioning in the business world follow and adhere to marketing 2.0 strategies but with the changing trends corporations like Santander have altered their marketing strategies by collaborating marketing 2.0 and marketing 3.0 strategy where information technology is collaborated with global marketing approaches as 3 .0 is an approach that addresses concerns and desires of global citizens (Kotler Setiawan, 2007).Santander has improved and enhanced its marketing products and service by offering online swearing to its customers. even so as the competitive market has evolved fiercely the organization has realized a need for change with reference to their services. The rapidly advancing technological trends and consumer demands in unison to it Santander has aimed to leverage its consumer base to escalate its revenue stream while offering extended services in relying to its customers. Taking every last(predicate) these factors into consideration a marketing plan for Santander thus formulated was to introduce a much more advanced and improved version of online banking ensuing releases supplements new features and functionalities to make it truly progressive (Santander Home Page). A brief outline of its marketing plan thus follows2.1.1 E-ServicesThe corporation with the changing trends aims at the best quality services that are beneficial and according to customer demands and requirements. Santander has launched an online direct nest egg for Family Planning and Education and is offering the following Childrens nest egg storys Education savings sum ups Holiday savings accounts Retirement savings accountsWhile offering these Santander offers the following additional services to its best eminence (Santander Home Page) Accepting deposits Lending loans Transfer of money Trustee business care Government business Venture capital offering loan for initiation of a risky business ATM Phone and internet banking Deposit amends schemes2.2 Marketing plan and product analysis in terms of marketing environment and competitorsFamily planning and educational savings account is offered by every bank in the world. Santanders marketing environment is highly competitive and rapidly evolving with institutions adapting to advance and current marketing trends in order to enhance consumer ba se. What makes Santander different and unique in its marketing strategy and service offers is their cost effective and consumer reliable savings accounts and services that prove to be beneficial to their customers in the long and short term. pursual is a comparison of its competitors to the e-savings services it offersSource www.comparethemarket.comAnalyzing the market environment and market trends, Nationwide offers award winning savings accounts with their e- unlessr account acknowledged by Money-facts as one of the most consistently high-paying internet savings account between 2005 and 2008. The service however is limited and targets a item set of customers those who can soften it activating it by depositing 5,000 in their accounts. Their cost-effective and premier services are limited to a particular class in society which is also observable in their limited advertising strategies. The services they offer are (www.natwest.co.uk) 2.00% gross p.a./AER with no more than 3 withd rawals annually otherwise it may result in low occupy rate Savings from 1 to 500,000 Customers holding a Nationwide Flex Account is offered to set up a high interest internet savings account Customer not a Nationwide Flex Account members are obligated to open a Flex account online alongside an e-savings PlusAbbey is a collaborative of Santander and is ranked as one of the 10 largest banks worldwide. On the other hand Abbeys marketing strategies and services seem more business oriented with the aim of enhancing revenue stream while offering customer satisfactory services and products. Abbeys allow its customer to open a savings account with a minimum deposit of 1 while offering them an interest rate of 2.50%. Although a lot of other banks provide the same service i.e. opening a savings account for the amount of 1 the difference is highlighted in their interest range which are less then Abbeys. Abbey offers interest rates and savings accounts which helps customers in achieving their saving targets for short and long term. Their advertisement and marketing strategy invokes customers stating whether youre saving up for a new car or equitable for a rainy day you can get their quicker with an Abbey savings account (www.abbey.co.uk).Abbeys savings account are designed and formulated to suit pastiche of needs of customers i.e. whether customers are planning to save up annually with the purpose of benefitting from higher interest rates or in need of savings accounts which does not limit withdrawals on the cost of interest rates. The bank offers savings accounts all suited to a variety of customers and a universal mass target. Their product and services are as (Abbeys home page) Offers a grand return of 2.50% gross/AER with a bonus of 2.00% gross/AER for the first year while opening a savings account Savings from 1 Offers round the clock money withdrawals without limitations or penalties Calculation of interest on a daily basis with last-place payment on a monthly basis Provision of Financial Services Compensation Scheme Services where savings is cosseted up to 50,000The market environment after analyzing both of these financial institutes seems to be fiercely competitive. The comparison of both distinguishes the aims and objectives of both on different yet same plane e.g. Nat-west targets a particular class with limited services with no compromise on quality or performance hence confining a major part of its services to business customers and their investment securities. In simple words the services of Nat-west are beneficial and reserved for the elite. Abbey, conversely, appeals to the needs and demands to a variety of investors big or broken and their services and products are designed for all classes.Evaluating products and services of these dickens competitors Santander aims to offer services that are not reserved or confined to just one class or a particular set of targeted customers. To establish a strong market plan and marketing ap proach Santander has launched branches in various destinations countrywide emphasizing that location is significant in marketing strategies. The location of the branches is vigilantly planned out i.e. on high streets and malls etc which are easily accessible by customers. Santander has also invested in promoting branches in the rural area by alertly evaluating the saving rates in both rural and urban areas and after careful evaluation it seems that people in the rural area tend to save up more as compared to urban areas.Apart from this Santander has launched an easily accessible e-savings family and educational accounts by enhancing its profit margin by 3% (Santander Home Page). The reason for this improvement in profit scale is beneficial with reference to organizational marketing benefits and customer requirements and demands e.g. this service is offered online making it more cost effective i.e. not investing in staff, branching or online advertisement and by offering online bank statements it saves up on cost of postal or printing. Hence it proves beneficial for both customer and the Bank. Santander offers the following services in a competitive market environment (Santander Home Page) Great return of 3% gross/AER including a bonus of a free laptop after one year on first commencement of the account Savings from 1 Customers with current accounts can set up savings accounts on high interest rates insulation of money anytime with interest generating on an annual basis Customers with e-savings accounts are entitled to a 25% discount on travel2.2.1 SWOT analysis of SantanderStrengthsv Introduction to e-savings interest accountv Comparatively better interest ratesv Ideally suited to a variety of needsv Provision of better discount offersv Being more cost-efficient through with(predicate) e-servicesWeaknessesv Increased costs associated with more benefits to attract customersOpportunitiesv Introduction of new branches in rural areasv Moving a product into a ne w market sectorv Benefitting from new technological trends i.e. e-savings and online bankingThreatsv Increasing competition and threats to the Banking industry from other companiesv Decreased investment in savings account due to the current financial climate2.3 Marketing plan in terms of marketing environment and consumer behaviorThe marketing environment assessed and evaluated for a marketing plan is derived from two factors (1) motivational factors of consumer attitude (2) amendment of marketing strategies according to changing consumer attitudes and demands (Kotabe Helsen, 2010). Hence in this scenario the marketing environment thus assessed for apposite marketing watchfulness are derived from two factors (1) motivational factors or aspirations of people whether to having savings or not (2) amending interest rates with changing consumer attitudes and demands. While evaluating the marketing environment and consumer demands organizations should evaluate products that are in the m arket and are not appealing to consumers the best way to overcome such a challenge for the marketer is either to find ways to change the product or change consumer perception (Elliot Roach, 1991). In the banking sector it is known fact that the amount of savings by a consumer escalates with the ontogenesis in their income and as economy strengthens the volume of savings by individuals is likely to grow (Johnson 2004). It is for this reason that consumer attitudes and motivations must be evaluated and aptly assessed to better comprehend how and why flux in savings occurs.What motivates people to save? this aspect of consumer attitude has been researched by the Survey Research Center where it analyzes and evaluates consumer attitudes towards savings. Their findings demonstrate that consumer save for a variety of reasons different from the other and the two major reasons hence highlighted are of two kinds (1) the survey set uped that 40 to 45% of individuals save for emergencies or for a rainy day to eliminate the chances of being broke if ever abject turn of events may occur (2) 70% of the individuals surveyed gave a positive outlook to their savings stating that they would save for an early retirement or for family and educational needs or to purchase a house or start a small business (Spiegel Samuels 1984).Due to these factors Santander strives and seeks to preserve and attain consumer confidence by offering products that are aligned with their attitudes and demands and services that comply with their life aspirations and their needs for savings. The following critical path or marketing plan analysis has been established by the organization to follow the launch of e-services3.1 Marketing in terms of technological and media trendsKotler has described the enablers of new wave technology the rise of companionable media and has further classified it into two categories (1) expressice social media (2) collaborative media (Kotler Satiawan, 2007). In recent ye ars the World Wide Web has become one blog and has evolved personal communication for availing economical benefits and gains. This has disposed(p) rise to new technological trends and changing marketing strategies for organizations like Santander. Consumers products in quick access and easily managed are now rapidly becoming normal by means of e-services or the internet as business social media is low-cost and bias-free and it will be the future of marketing communications (Kotler Satiawan, 2007). Trend-watching becomes essential when it comes to promotion, pricing, placement and executing a product into the market as it summarizes consumers motivation for product co-creation (Kotler Satiawan, 2007).3.1.1 Promotion- online advertising a means of collaborative social media trend is rapidly evolving and create in the business world. The Internet Advertising Bureau and Price water-house Coopers, surveyed a report with reference to online advertising and its growing consumer appea l stating that it grew 41.2.% to reach 2.02 billion in 2003and it exceeded by 11.4% market sell against 10.4% traditional and conventional advertising media i.e. newspapers and magazines. The traditional advertising market saw a 2.9% decline in their market share in 2008 against internet advertising (Shampine, 2003). The three principle categories in online advertising formats i.e. display advertising, paid-for-search and online classified advertising grew by 35%, 52% and 45% separately generating revenues of 453.7 million, 1.2 billion and 379 million annually, respectively (Shampine, 2003).Recent years have shown a thrust in technological trends particularly in E-services and it is anticipated that this impetus will escalate and advertisers feel prone towards experimenting and benefitting from these technological trends and creating more innovative and appealing advertisements to enhance consumer base. In response to this drastic technological change, Santander Bank is promoting its business through operating a very user attractive website and by using the social Medias such as facebook and twitter. Companys website is where promoting the business also the main aim is to facilitating the customers and management perceived the healthy impacts on customer base of the company.Hence, online advertisements are more beneficial for organizations like Santander.3.1.2 Pricing- the pricing for the service offered by the Bank should be aligned with consumers motivation for product co-creation. The interest rates should be amended and modified with the changing consumer attitudes and their feasibility. Market evaluation hence for expressive social media becomes essential for Santander to picture and collaborate with consumers and their expectations associated with the organization.3.1.3 Products- Santander management is continuously seeking the new ways to meet up the needs and demands of their customers by offering them the more competitive and versatile products. Th e e-savings offered by the Bank is offered to appeal consumers who are pursuing means to save up for a better tomorrow for their families and child well being. The services online offered by Santander involve Childrens saving accounts, Education savings accounts, Holiday savings account and Retirement savings account.3.1.4 Placement- Internet and web has become the fastest growing convenience in the past recent years. However, the bank is offering the combination of both services online and offline services. Considering that there are areas where the branches have not been setup, e-services are ideal for the customers to access their account details, statements and deposits online.4.1 Marketing in terms of future sustainabilityAccording to the projections released by the Office for National Statics, the population in the UK is anticipated to increase by 4 million to 65.6 million by 2018 highlighting a 1.2% incline per annum. The statistics illustrate that the working population def ined as individuals between 16 and 59 is anticipated to increase by 14% i.e. from 38.1.million to 43.3 million in the span between 2008 to 2033. This also means a 1.2% increase per annum and since this is the target of Santanders e-savings services the market evaluation and product projection is carried out with reference to these statistics and information.(Source www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/pprojnr1009.pdf).According to a published report by Mintel Corporation Ltd. people investing in savings accounts average persona stands at 40% and which is expected to rise to 42.1% by 2012 demonstrating a 95.14 per head savings that is to increase to 98.37 and 101.29 in 2011 and 2012 respectively (www.statistics.gov.uk). Bearing in mind all these figures and statistics the future prospects of Santanders e-savings can be made henceNet profit4,6855,1095,538For future prospects and the firms future disposition will be well managed by controlling launch product effectively and aptly by Calcula ted planning of the e-savings service after vigilant market environment and consumer behavior evaluation and estimation Conducting online surveys and creating blogs for feedback and evaluating possible opportunities for modifying product according to consumer needs Managing online project management by establishing monitoring and task management teams Viral circulation strategies i.e. advertising through expressive social media and collaborative social media Refining formats i.e. pricing, promotions, bonuses and discount rates, up-sells and continuous improvement programs for the services being offered Synchronizing efforts with in-house staff, outsources and vendors and deliverables from project principles Setting up a customer service online operating team available to consumer round the clock.5.1 ConclusionWhen undertaking a sustainability initiative it is important to measure the costs, savings, and revenues and other benefits to get all stakeholders on placard and the measure s should be accurate and honest to evaluate the impact of initiative on financial return and intangible benefits (Cooperman Gifford, 2008).Santander is keen on adapting to the changing technological trends as due to globalization the world has become one block where exchange of ideas, thoughts, personal communication and information is carried out through the evolving internet trend. As the statistics show online advertising is rapidly becoming popular due to the vastly growing number of consumers approaching firms and organizations for their needs and requirements by e-services. The future for Santander stands bright and the high reputation is evident from its inclining market share and consumer base by adapting to the 3.0 marketing strategy in todays business world. This will also enable the organization in communicating and collaborating with its customers in a better way and better comprehend their needs and demands and modify their products accordingly.

Analysis Of The Financial Report Of Burberry Finance Essay

Analysis Of The fiscal Report Of Burberry Finance EssayIn this section we ar considering the Annual Report 2009-10 of Burberry and will compare Burberrys execution in this yr with the previous years.When financial year 2009-10 started i.e. April 2009, Burberrys main issues of concerns were weak and exceedingly uncertain consumer spend environment (because of prevalent recession). Fol low-downing which groups main goals were establishedExpense ReductionWorking Capital ManagementIndeed, they succeeded up to a remarkable level under(a) near strategic, operational and financial measures. Performance of Burberry was among the scoop out relative to its peers either public or private.Highlights of Burberrys important strategic and operational decision in 2009-1050 M cost efficiency program-helped in reduction of Cost of SalesUpgrading wholesale distribution and restructuring the operations in SpainTo maximize blunt Margin, continued to fall assortment size across categories-result ing in increased Gross Margin from 52.1 % to 59.7%Improved inventory management- inventory reduced 36% over yearAdded 21 stores with 9% space extensionThese mentioned decisions helped Burberry perform strongly in 2009-10 and resulted in improved financial strength. Key financial strengths during the period areTotal tax revenue growth 7%- Revenue 1.3bn adjust operating do good increased 22% 220M increase weaken adjusted EPS increased 16% to 35.1pFinancial RatiosFinancial ratios are widely used be managers, shell outholders, creditors and analysts for all kind of purposes. Firth (1975) proclaimed that these can be used for cardinal purposes. These areTo compare go withs latest performance with its performance in earlier periodsTo make comparisons with corresponding ratios of other firmsFollowing is an analysis of the smart sets financial ratios and a comparison with the preceding year and its peersProfitability Ratios retrograde on Capital Employed (ROCE)Formula dismiss inte rnet before tax/ (All shareholders fund + long term debt)Significance Profits earned from the two major sources of pay for the keep company that is to say investment by shareholders- shareholders fund and financial institutions mostly- long term debt.The effectiveness of the management in utilising the coin is indicated by ROCE. The return for the FY 2009-10 is 26.03%. It collections a significant reposition when compared to the previous years return of NEGATIVE 2.78%. A quick glance at the operating profit for the closing two years reveals the reason behind such a big leap forward. The company has performed tremendously in the last financial year. From an operating vent of 9.9M for the year ended 31 March 2009 to a significant operating PROFIT of 171.1M for the year ended 31 March 2010, shows the efficient and effective measures the company had adopted over the year. Even if the comparison is made between adjusted operating profits (after considering the exceptional items) for the last two years, we can see a significant difference of 39.1M (219.9-180.8). All of this shows that the demarcation is effectively earning on shareholders fund and long term debt generated.RatioFormulaSignificanceNet marginNet profit before tax/ Total revenueThe net profit percentage on the entire revenue earned for the financial yearGross marginGross profit/ Total revenueThe gross margin percentage on the revenue earned for the financial yearIt is the one of the most comm and used profitability ratio. It shows the net margin with respect to the amount of gross revenue. In 2010 it got increased from -1.34% (2009) to almost 13%. In 2009, Burberry overlayed negative profit i.e. loss. Main reasons behind this wereHigh Cost of Sales in 2009 (12.5 % higher than 2010)Higher operating cost (6.71%)in 2008-09 which was mainly because ofGoodwill impairment in globular market(mainly Spain) 116.2 millionRelocation of headquartersStore impairment and onerous lease provisionsIncrease i n NPM shows that Burberry has controlled its costs effectively in 2009-10. It demonstrates effectiveness of Burberry at converting sales into actual profit.Gross Margin There is an increase from 55.41% (2009) to 62.82%. It shows that Burberry has increased its gross profit by 7.4 p per 1 of turnover. It is because of higher sales and low cost of sales in 2010.Sales GrowthFormula (Present sales- Previous sales) / Previous salesSales increased from 1200M (2009) to 1280M (2010) i.e. an increase by almost 7%.Adapted Burberry Annual Report 2009-10Sales growth is one of the KPIs. The above graph shows the revenue earned by Burberry in the last five years. The boilersuit growth shows the increasing trend followed by the company in spite of its macro-economic conditions. This proves the companys ability to capture the market being a luxury trade name.Liquidity RatiosThey show the companys ability and the ease with which it can lay its hands on liquid cash. In other words, these ratios sign ify the liquidity position of the company. The main components of these ratios are the accepted assets and current liabilities which are also the factors that determine the working smashing of the company.Current RatioFormula Total Current Assets/ Total Current LiabilitiesThis is the one of the best known measures that indicates the liquidity position of the company. There is an increase in Current Ratio in 2010 as compared to 2009 which indicates that Burberry has improved its ability to visit the payment account of its current debts. The change from 1.361 in 2009 to 1.531 in 2010 shows the efficiency in working capital requirements. Having current assets equivalent to 1.53 times of current liabilities shows a moderate approach from the management not being too aggressive by memory less current assets nor too conservative by holding more current assets leading to high opportunity cost.Quick Ratio/Acid TestFormula (Total current assets-stock)/total current liabilitiesIt measu res companys ability to meet short-term provinces with its most liquid assets. An acceptable ratio should be at least 11. However in 2009 it was .87 which is not sufficient. An increase from .87 to 1.2 over a period of one year demonstrates that Burberry has stronger liquidity position than it had before.Shareholders POVCollier (2009) state thatDividends are a decision made by directors on the basis of the residuum of profits they want to distribute and capital needed to be retained in the business to fund growth. (p.114)Shareholders invest in a companys stock with the pauperism of higher returns through dividends or capital gains. The idea of investing in the shares of a company may give higher returns compared to the other secure investments the like bank. However, the risk is also more. The investors measure the prospects of a stock under various scales. Few of them are as followsDividend per share (DPS)Formula Dividends paid/ number of shares frequently DPS is the measure of a companys performance because it indicates how profitable a company is over a period of time. In Burberrys case, its excellent performance is reflected through the increase in the dividend per share paid to shareholders.As at 31st march 2010, Burberry had 435,024,782 ordinary shares, of which 77,215 were held as treasury shares, shares that have been bought back by the issuing corporation and is obtainable for retirement or resale it is issued but not outstanding it cannot vote and pays no dividends. (http//wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=treasury%20shares)As per annual report, Burberry has proposed dividend of 45.7M, which is 20% higher than last year (37.7M). This increases its dividend per share to 10.5p from 8.65p. It also increased interim dividend, which is declared and distributed before the calculations of companys annual earnings, per share slightly from 3.35p to 3.50p during year. So, the total dividend per share is 14p for the year ending 2010 giving a 17% increa se from 12p in 2009.Dividend YieldFormula Dividend per share/ market value per shareIt shows the relationship between dividends and market share by expressing a companys dividend as a percentage of its share price. However, dividend yield fluctuates with share price.Burberrys shares price was 276.25 on 27 March 2009 and 725.00 on 1 April 2010. (http//www.google.co.uk/finance?client=obq=LONBRBY) utilise its share price value at financial year end, dividend yield is 1.93% in 2010 and 4.3% in 2009. This need not represent that Burberry has decreased its value in investors eye. This fall is because of 163% increase in share price of Burberry, which made increase in dividend less significant.Dividend Payout RatioFormula Dividend paid / (profit after tax i.e. net income) or the ratio of dividend per share and earnings per share.It helps in predicting how well earnings support the dividend payments. Investors seeking high current income and limited capital growth privilege companies with high Dividend payout ratio. However investors seeking capital growth may prefer lower payout ratio because capital gains are taxed at a lower rate. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividend_payout_ratio)For 2010 it is 14/36 = 38.88 % 2009 12/31= 39.2%It is almost similar in both years, which shows that Burberry is maintaining the balance between affaire of shareholders and expansion of business.Earnings per share (EPS)Formula profit after tax or net earnings/ number of sharesBurberry calculates EPS on the basis of both diluted and basic. When all convertible securities such as convertible preference shares, convertible debts, convertible debentures and warrants exercised number of outstanding shares increases. This is called Diluted weighted average number of shares, the basis of Diluted EPS.As number of outstanding shares increases, Diluted EPS is always lower than Basic EPS. It is more accurate to use aDiluted EPS over the reporting term because thenumber of shares outstanding can c hange over time (We can observe this in annual report that Burberry has always mentioned diluted EPS).In 2010, Diluted weighted average number of shares was near 442 million with dilution effect of 9.3 million. In 2009, it was 438.1 million with dilution effect of 6.8 million. Earnings were 81.4 million in 2010 as compared to loss of 6 million in 2009, because of reasons mentioned before. This leads Basic EPS to 18.8p (-1.4% in 2009) and Diluted EPS to 18.4p (-1.4% in 2009).Using details of exceptional items in note 4 of annual report 2009-10, adjusted earnings are 155.2million and 132.1 million for 2010 and 2009 respectively. This leads to Adjusted Basic EPS to 35.9p (30.6p in 2009) and Adjusted Diluted EPS to 35.1 (30.2 in 2009).Increase in Adjusted Diluted EPS by 17 % is mainly because of 17 % increase in adjusted profit as weighted number of shares is almost same. This increase represents better performance of Burberry in 2009-10. terms-Earnings (P/E) RatioFormula Market value per share/ EPSIt is the valuation of companys current share price compared to the per share earnings. This ratio reveals the popularity of a stock because it reflects how much people are willing to pay for it (http//library.thinkquest.org/3298/NoFrames/help/glossary.html).The P/E ratio can be interpreted as number of years of earnings to pay back purchase price, ignoring the time value of property (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P/E_ratio).For 2010 P/E ratio is 725/35.9= 20 and for 2009 it is 276/30.1= 9.2There is almost two times increase in P/E ratio. This is because of increase in share price by 163%. This increase makes Burberrys stock more attractive than previous year.Bottom lineThe above analysis from a shareholders POV leaves an overall substantiative impact on the investors or the potential investors. Considering the shareholders return, profitability, growth rate the company has been maintaining and the increasing trend in the share value, it would be more than likely a wis e decision to invest in the Burberrys stock.Gearing effectTools usedGearing ratio long-term debt/ (shareholders funds + long-term debt)This ratio gives the proportion of funds which is borrowed from outside in the entire capital employed, than from the shareholders (through issue of shares). This is also called the leverage ratio. The method of introducing debts in place of candour is referred to as trading on equity leverageCollier (2009) states thatHigher the gearing, higher is the burden on repaying the debts and the associated interest. Also, if profits turn down, there are substantially more risks carried by the highly adapt business. (p.108)However, there is a relationship between risk and return which is to be analysed. Higher proportion of long term debt signifies two issuesHigher return for shareholders little tax burdenBurberry in 2009 has a gearing of 52.72%. For the year ending 2010, it is 43.06% i.e. 56.94% of equity. This shows that their almost half of the sources o f finance is through long term borrowings. The effect of generating finance through debts than through equity is shown on the return the shareholders are enjoying. It also shows the company has been closely monitoring tax burden. This is because the provision made for the interest obligation/payment is reflected in reducing the profits, thereby a lower tax on lower profits.However, the debts carry with them the interest obligation and repayment payloads. This way the company has been trying to balance between debt and equity. In the financial year 2009-10, the company has reduced its debt content trying to be a little conservative. The capital social organisation can be considered to be moderate.Interest cover Profit before interest tax/ interest payableThis represents the profit available, to meet the interest obligation, in terms of the interest payable (number of times). Higher interest cover leaves less strain on the profits and giving a cushion with profit afterward interes t and before tax.Profit before interest and tax Interest payableFor 2010 171.1M 6.2MFor 2009 (9.9) M Loss 13.4MInterest cover for the year 2009-10 is 27.6 times. This is a highly impressive cover leaving a comfortable position. Considering the loss in the previous year and still maintaining this is very efficient. The decrease in interest commitment this year can be related to the reduction in the debt content of the capital structure (gearing ratio).Financial Risk Management OverviewBurberry deals with variety of financial instruments viz. derivatives, short term and long term borrowings, trade receivables/payables etc. It also combines with variety of financial risks. However, the risk management is carried out by a sacred Group Treasury under the approval of Board of Directors.Guidelines/ ToolsTo reduce the financial risk and ensure sufficient (OPTIMAL) liquidity positionWork closely with the business requirementsUses derivative instruments to hedge certain risk photographsM arket RiskForeign Exchange RiskRisk Multiple foreign currency transactions because of world(prenominal) operationsTools/PoliciesEntering into forward foreign exchange contractsHedge anticipated cash flows in each major foreign currency observe the desirableness of hedging the net assets of the overseas subsidiaries when translated into Sterling for reporting purposes.At 31 March 2010, the Group has performed sensitivity analysis to determine the effect of non-Sterling currencies strengthening/weakening.Price RiskRisk Fluctuations in employers national insurance liability due to movements in the share price.Tools/PoliciesEntering into equity swaps at the time of granting share options.Monitor the fluctuations in the liability on a continuous basis.Cash flow interest rate riskRisk Fluctuations in the interest rates.Tools/PoliciesUse interest rate swap derivatives to manage fixed and floating rate borrowings inwardly limits.Credit RiskRisk Possible bad debts.Tools/PoliciesWholesale s ales only with appropriate credit history/check.Retail sales only through cash or major credit cards.Maximum credit risk exposure is classified separately and attended.Liquidity RiskRisk Maintaining sufficient cash balance.Tools/PoliciesMaturity profile is established All short term creditors, accruals, bank overdrafts and borrowings within one year.Compliance with all the committed banks credit guidelines.Capital RiskRisk Returns to shareholders and other stakeholders Maintain Going concern.Tools/PoliciesMaintain strong credit rating. provide capital structure mix debt and equity.Adjustments according to the economic changes and its strategic objectives.Analysis of the aboveAll of the above represents the measures adopted by Burberry to meet the Financial Risks. The company having a dedicated risk management team in order to face the risks gives a confidence in the minds. However, they should be continuously aware of the fact that a large corporate like Burberry will have to atte nd to growing/new risks by anticipating well in advance. They may include a deeper analysis in the following areasWorking capital cycle Inventory management, EOQ/JIT methods, optimum cash model.Financing needs. Other sources of finance can be study like debt factoring.Capital budgeting decisions before expanding or investing on a project.WACC Weighted average cost of capital is to be considered before deciding the capital structure. Comparisons with the market rate and interest rates prevailing.The overall financial risk management shows the companys ability to address almost all the possible risks efficiently and effectively. closedownWith comparison to most of the essential parameters, it can be concluded that Burberry plc showed a promising performance in the last completed financial year 2009-10. not just with regard to the financial performance, but also in satisfying the shareholders with competent returns. A birds eye view shows the company has made a majuscule comeback th is year with a significant profit. However, a deeper penetration/analysis into the last year financials reveals that the loss made in 2008-09 is because of high cost of sales with a difference of 59.8M compared to the recent year, goodwill impairment charge to the extent of 116.2M, relocation of HQ costing around 7.9M and other expansion charges.Also, the above report shows the companys transparency in complying with the Corporate Governance and commitment in attending to its Corporate Social Responsibility, employees welfare etc. Burberry showed continuous interest in brand integrity, being a true leader in luxury brands, and market growth through expansion. Indeed, highly motivated. All this leads to only reaffirm the companys continued efforts in excelling beyond horizons among its peers financially, ethically, and morally

Compariing Three Versions of Chaucers Pardoners Tale :: Chaucer Pardoners Tale Canterbury Essays

Compariing Three Versions of Chaucers Pardoners Tale One of the interesting things about the works of Chaucer is the amount of difference one set up find in the midst of the unlike manuscripts of his work. I thought it would be interesting to look at the difference between two manuscripts, using the transcriptions available in the Chaucer Society Specimens of all the Accessible Unprinted Manuscripts of the Canterbury Tales. I found a copy that has comparative versions of the manuscripts assigned to us, taking a look at the Pardoners Tale. While we have not looked at that tale in class, and given that it was the only sample I could find in the separate volumes of the Specimens, I felt it would be interesting to look at them, especially compared to the Riverside edition we are reading in class.Beginning with the Riverside edition, the interpolation to the Pardoner?s tale begins with ?Heere endeth the Phisiciens Tale? and ?The woordes of the Hoost to the Phisicien and the Pard oner.? (Benson, 193) These introductory words, as well as the closing words for the previous tale, are not present in the Bodleian text. One could surmise that the transcriber of the text felt these to be perfunctory and unecessary, and though the reproduction I have does not reproduce it, it?s achievable that at that place could be some other dividing point to break off one tale and begin another. The Additional MS has a conjunctive phrase, though it is different than that presented in the Riverside edition. ?here ende the Maister of phisikes tales? and ?Here bigynneth the prologe of the reheytyng of our hoost.? (Specimens 91, 2) It is interesting to not the difference of terminology here. The physician is ?Phisicien? in the Riverside text, yet the ?Master of phisikes? in the Additional MS. One wonders why one is preferred over the other, and which is the more authoritative version. With only these three texts assigned, it is not for this author to speculate, and again, with a sm all sample, there can easily be isolated differences.One of the most interesting things to note in these differing manuscripts, I?ve found, is the variance and change that even identical passages can take, separated into various edition. Much like modern English, when you ask several different people to write the same thing, you can get many different variations base on how they?re transcribed.

Sustainable Land Management in Latin America Essay -- Environment Envi

Sustainable Land Management in Latin the States The enthusiastic rejoicing of indigenous skills can be the basis of alternative strategies of ripening. W.M. Adams IntroductionThe sustainability of put down management practices in developing countries is in header currently as a way to address p overty. Yet, this investigation is often done with the assumption that people in developing countries are acting irresponsibly and their behavior must be corrected by more enlightened conservationists from North America , Europe , and northern Asia . An analysis of the history of different land management practices shows that environmental debasement was often the result of colonial disruption of indigenous peoples. In the 1990 book Green Development by W.M. Adams, sustainable organic evolution is defined as practices intentional to protect the environment and involve communities in making decisions. Land management practices highly-developed by indigenous communities offer the outm atch chance for sustainable development in Latin America today.Pre-Columbian land management practices in Latin America A diversity of cultures flourished in the Caribbean , Central and South America , before European conquistadors arrived, changing and using the land and resources to feed communities, build cities, raise temples, and govern empires. Land management practices were developed to be specific to their regions over the course of thousands of years in human communities. Prescribed burns were used in the pramo of Costa Rica to promote desire kinds of vegetation (Horn, 1998). Raised field created in the swamps of Mexico, Colombia , and Ecuador yielded large harvests (Atkins, Roberts, and Simmons, 1998) (Yapa, 2003). In the Venezuel... ...ly human fire mastery revealed. BBC News Online. Retrieved from http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3670017.stmShetler, Jan bender (2004). Sugar and the Industrial Era.environmental History Lecture. Goshen College .Sluyte r, Andrew (2002). Colonialism and Landscape. Lanham , Md. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Watts , Sheldon (1999). Epidemic and History Disease, Power and Imperialism. New Haven , Conn. Yale University Press.Yapa, Kashyapa A. S. (2003, July 1). Floodwater Management, The American Way Past and Present. The Diary of a Polit-Eco Tourist. Retrieved November 7, 2004 , from http//kyapa.tripod.com/agengineering/drainage-lowland/drainage.htmZimmerer, Karl S. And Kenneth R. Young, eds. (1998). Natures geographics New Lessons for Conservation in Developing Countries. Madison , Wis. The University of Wisconsin Press. Sustainable Land Management in Latin America Essay -- Environment EnviSustainable Land Management in Latin America The enthusiastic celebration of indigenous skills can be the basis of alternative strategies of development. W.M. Adams IntroductionThe sustainability of land management practices in developing countries is in question currently as a way to a ddress poverty. Yet, this investigation is often done with the assumption that people in developing countries are acting irresponsibly and their behavior must be corrected by more enlightened conservationists from North America , Europe , and northern Asia . An analysis of the history of different land management practices shows that environmental degradation was often the result of colonial disruption of indigenous peoples. In the 1990 book Green Development by W.M. Adams, sustainable development is defined as practices designed to protect the environment and involve communities in making decisions. Land management practices developed by indigenous communities offer the best chance for sustainable development in Latin America today.Pre-Columbian land management practices in Latin America A diversity of cultures flourished in the Caribbean , Central and South America , before European conquistadors arrived, changing and using the land and resources to feed communities, bu ild cities, raise temples, and govern empires. Land management practices were developed to be specific to their regions over the course of thousands of years in human communities. Prescribed burns were used in the pramo of Costa Rica to promote desired kinds of vegetation (Horn, 1998). Raised fields created in the swamps of Mexico, Colombia , and Ecuador yielded large harvests (Atkins, Roberts, and Simmons, 1998) (Yapa, 2003). In the Venezuel... ...ly human fire mastery revealed. BBC News Online. Retrieved from http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3670017.stmShetler, Jan Bender (2004). Sugar and the Industrial Era.Environmental History Lecture. Goshen College .Sluyter, Andrew (2002). Colonialism and Landscape. Lanham , Md. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Watts , Sheldon (1999). Epidemic and History Disease, Power and Imperialism. New Haven , Conn. Yale University Press.Yapa, Kashyapa A. S. (2003, July 1). Floodwater Management, The American Way Past and Present. The Diary of a Polit-Eco Tourist. Retrieved November 7, 2004 , from http//kyapa.tripod.com/agengineering/drainage-lowland/drainage.htmZimmerer, Karl S. And Kenneth R. Young, eds. (1998). Natures Geography New Lessons for Conservation in Developing Countries. Madison , Wis. The University of Wisconsin Press.