Understanding The Concepts Of Acculturation

Understanding The Concepts Of Acculturation It is very important to understand the concepts of cultural change before discussing acculturation. A bilinear model regarding the adaption to a new culture is proposed by John Berry and his colleagues . These authors theorized the following four acculturation attitudes: integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization based on combining either high or low levels of acculturation and enculturation: (see Figure 3.1). The meaning of these four different attitudes is explained. As John Berry claims, integration involves immigrants accepting the new culture, while maintaining close ties with their original culture. These immigrants learn and follow local customs without losing their bond with their customs from their homeland. They are both highly acculturated and enculturated as shown in the diagram below . Assimilation, on the other hand, involves immigrants who totally accept the new culture, and reject their original culture. These immigrants will learn the language and follow local customs so thoroughly that no trace of their original heritage remains. People become assimilated in American society when they erased their cultural identity, unlearned their ethnic cultural practices and beliefs, and accepted the core values of mainstream American culture . Separation occurs when immigrants reject their new culture and live according to the customs of their original culture. These immigrants move to a new culture and find people from their homeland, and live as if they are still in their original culture, only in a different place . Marginalization represents immigrants who reject the new as well as their original culture. These immigrants no longer feel comfortable with their heritage, but the new culture does not appeal to them either . According to Berry, the attitude affects the process of acculturation. For example, as immigrants prepare to go to the U.S., they may have decided to assimilate into the culture. However, upon arrival they discover that they reject some customs of their new country. As a result they change their attitude from assimilation to integration. Thus, the attitude changes according to the various traits of the immigrants. Portes and Rumbaut argue for three major factors that can impact and change the attitude of immigrants. According to Portes and Rumbaut three factors are vital to understanding the acculturation trajectories of contemporary migrants. The first factor is their educational background, fluency in the English language, and economic and class status in their homeland. The second factor refers to the social policies of the host government and the historical and contemporary perceptions and attitudes of the mainstream society toward a particular immigrant group. The third factor is the immigrants social presence and networks and their family structure. The educational background of the immigrant groups and their social class back home are the social and cultural capital that they bring with them, which has an enormous impact on their economic assimilation. Although all three factors help determine how immigrants will acculturate into the larger mainstream American society, the second factor is the most relevant to shaping the acculturation outcomes of many nonwhite immigrants, especially of t hose immigrant groups who have little social and cultural capital and are not white. Even though the Indian Diaspora is racially distinct from the larger American mainstream, professional Indian Americans have an abundance of human-cultural capital acquired through their advanced education, knowledge of the English language, and social class in their home country. The low political profile of the Indian Diaspora also gives them a degree of invisibility that shields them from the scrutiny of the larger mainstream culture . The three major factors of acculturation presented by Portes and Rumbaut naturally change the course of the process for many immigrants. For example, an immigrant with poor English skills, who is determined to assimilate, may find it impossible because of the language barrier and decide instead to integrate into or even separate from the host culture. Bhatias work illustrates the process of how these factors affect Indian immigrants as they adapt to their new culture. Indians after immigrating to America, inevitably undergo some type of adjustment or acculturation process. Though inside the home Indian immigrants could maintain their culture, once outside the home, the system or society itself forced Indians into the acculturation process on all levels of culture. It is necessary to understand how immigrants acculturate in the U.S. As Waters and Bhatia suggest, unlike many Caribbean immigrants, most Indian professionals are middle class, live in suburban America, and are not subject to the structural inequalities of low wages, racism, and violent neighborhoods . However, there are some parallels in how both these groups of migrants come to terms with their racial and ethnic identity. On one hand, the Indian migrants are very proud of their Indian ethnicity and heritage. On the other hand, they invoke what Bhatia calls the discourse of sameness [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] and universal humanity to distance themselves from their racial and ethnic identity . I n other words, they realize that certain costs associated with being Indian are painful and hurtful and that invoking the discourse of sameness is meant to establish equivalence with the white majority. For example, Indian immigrants compare their experiences in the work place with those experiences of white Americans in an attempt to show equality with the majority. In one of Bhatias interviews an immigrant credits his own hard work and accomplishments for his position in the company, while: If I was a white American male, you know, maybe there would be prejudice because Im too short. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] So being an Indian, I dont think it put me at a different spot. Or at least, thats how I feel . Sunil Bhatias study demonstrates that the members of the transnational Indian Diaspora are more comfortable with a cultural identity than a racial identity because their insertion in the transnational Diaspora has transformed them from being Indian to being people of color . The research illustrates the complicated nature of the acculturation of Indian immigrants. As demonstrated above, the attitude of the immigrants toward their new host country is only a starting point for the process. As these immigrants experience their new culture, their own personal background reshapes their attitude, and changes the way they interact with people, regardless of nationality. Clearly Indian immigrants move through a process as they acculturate to their new surroundings. While Berry, Portes and Rumbaut and Bahtia all approach the subject from different directions and perspectives, and though they may not agree with one another, it is clear that each body of research illustrates a complicated process of acculturation. Taken individually the research results may appear to be contradictory, however, a closer analysis shows that their research actually supports one another. The attitude of the immigrants, studied by Berry, plays a major role in the process, but these attitudes may change in response to the three major factors affecting acculturation presented by Portes and Rumbaut. This ever changing process has been documented in Bhatias work, which demonstrates that immigrants adapt individually to their new culture, in this case the United States. That means there is no set formula for determining what will happen to an immigrant once he or she arrives. This process takes place within any immigrant to any country, therefore it will be beneficial to de monstrate specifically some of the elements unique to Indian immigrants, and how these elements influence the process. 3.2 Influencing Elements of Acculturation 3.2.1 Family Perhaps the most important element to consider for Indian immigrants is family. As these Indian immigrants relocate to the U.S., start a family and begin the process of finding their place in society, it is important to understand the processes which influence the impact of acculturation on their families. To first-generation Indian immigrants and their children, family plays a vital role in their lives. Hodge agrees with this assessment, and points out the stark difference between Indian culture and western culture. Western culture emphasizes the individual, material success and secularism. The Indian culture, by contrast, places much more value on community, especially the family, and on spiritual matters . Acculturation plays an important role in understanding about the family structure, including family conflict as well as differences between first and second-generations. For example, the process and outcomes of acculturation determine which values are important to the first-generation and therefore retained and passed on to the succeeding generations. In addition, the process of acculturation might also determine expectations for subsequent generations. For example an assimilated individual would expect the same from his or her children. Most of the work reviewed on acculturation includes some variables related to the family structure, including family conflict, specifically intergenerational family conflict. Some scholars dedicated their studies to South Asian families. Among them, for example, Mathews provided a more general consideration of South Asian families to explain how they function. First, she explains the relationship of the family in a social order, where the father is usually considered the head of the family, which continues to be the traditional way of Indian families in America. Furthermore, she describes the role of both father and mother in the family, in which the mother usually takes care of the household and raises the children and the father usually serves as decision maker and provider . Bringing up the children in a new and different culture, which often conflicts with their core ethnic values, creates problems for not only the parents but also for their children. As values may be extracted from both the native culture and host culture, it is inevitable that conflicts arise. Thus, in this case both parents and children struggle to balance family values of their own culture with the family values of the mainstream culture. In addition, according to the traditional Indian family, the eldest person is considered to be a decision maker such as career decisions for family members or approving marriages. This naturally means parents, especially in the first-generation, make the important decisions . Clearly the attitude of immigrants from India to the U.S. will be greatly influenced by the strength of their bond to their traditional family values. This attitude will steer them through their acculturation process. 3.2.2 Dress According to Khandelwal, Indian American immigrants have a mixed type of acculturation regarding dress. It is quite different for men as compared to women. In the case of men, they adopted western dress more easily than women due to the influence of colonialism. Indian American men started wearing a western style of dress even from the first-generation. However, most of these first-generation Indian immigrants do not have a correct idea of the weather and climate system of the U.S. For example, an Indian man, who came to America in the winter of 1994, was wearing a light silk suit and shivering outside. One old man saw him and told him: Son, this is not the time to show off your new silk suit. I told you how it is going to be cold here today. If you catch a cold or become sick, nobody will take care of you in this country. Here you have to take care of yourself. All the money your family spent on making this suit for America will go down drain in one doctors visit here. There will be other occasions when you can use this suit! . Indian women immigrants are recognized mainly by their traditional dress called sari. Accordingly many female Indian immigrants try to preserve their culture by continuing to wear this kind of traditional dress. Saris are considered works of art due to the careful design and color combinations. However, in the workplace they alternatively wear western style clothing. An Indian woman who immigrated to America during the 1990s was forced to wear Western dress due to her job requirements as a cashier in a store. She said the following: See, I have to wear these mens clothes here. Its ok because I am doing mens job here. Our clothes do not fit in this American culture. To feel Indian, we can wear our own clothes when we are not on the job Before coming to America, she had never worked outside of her house and wore only traditional clothing. However, she adapted to the Western dress because American culture forced her to do so . Khandelwal continues to suggest that US born immigrant children are unlikely to continue wearing traditional dress. For example, young female immigrants in America prefer having readily made kurta-pyjama outfits to the saris, because they do not know how to wear these saris . At the same time, weddings among Indian Americans still continue to be traditional, in which the couple wears traditional dresses either bought in America or brought from India during a visit to the home country. However, due to some specific reasons, some of the Indian American immigrants and their children mostly use western styles only. For example, Nikki Haley, a daughter of Sikh Indian immigrants and one of the current rising stars in the Republican Party, wears mostly a suit, rejecting the sari in order to gain greater public acceptance while running for governor of South Carolina in November 2010 . There is a significant difference in clothing style between India and the U.S. Immigrants who desire to retain their cultural style of dress will have different experiences with acculturation than those who are willing to accept western standards. This plays a bigger role in the lives of women immigrants than for men. 3.2.3 Religion Religion plays a major role in the life style of Asian Indian Americans. Religious beliefs and practices are intricately interwoven with the aspects of acculturation and cultural identity of these immigrants. So it is important to understand the influence of religion on the acculturation of Asian Indian immigrants. India is a country of diverse religions such as Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism and Buddhism. Among these religions, 82.6 % of Indians practice the Hindu religion which makes up a clear majority of the population, while the remaining 17.4% of the population practices Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Judaism and Parsis . These percentages reflect the population of India; however, Pakistan and Bangladesh have larger percentages of population which practice Islam. The existence of many religions in India indicates that religion plays a major role for Indian people. Thus, most of the Indian people have one religious belief, whether it is Hindu, Islam, Christianity, etc. Each immigrant community brought its own sociological traditions from its place of origin, including ethical and religious behaviors. In the same way when Indians first started to migrate to the United States, they essentially had to carry out religious practices and teachings on their own . As the population of immigrants practicing Hinduism increased, so increased the number of religious organizations. With the development of a greater Hindu population practicing religion at home and in specific religious organizations became the norm. Leonard also noted that as the number of Indian immigrants has increased, religion has naturally become more important, as it has become a part of Indian American identity. Hinduism helps Indian Americans differentiate themselves in the United States, from mainstream U.S. culture as well as from other Asian and South Asian groups . Like earlier immigrants, the post-1965 Indian immigrants maintained their belief system, which provided an important way to keep and transmit their values to following generations . Most of the Indian immigrants in America can practice their religion. As an Indian immigrant Rupu notes: I think thats what it is about America. Thats what brought everybody here. Its that being American you can be who you want to be and still be an American. Theres a freedom of religion, a freedom of expression . In America, the practice of Hinduism reflects its American surroundings. For instance, most related religious activities take place on weekends in order to suit work schedules and priests explain sacred texts in English, rather than Hindi or Sanskrit . Asian American immigrants faced lot of challenges due to strong religious beliefs which influenced their acculturation. For example, their religious beliefs may be challenged or even given up as they are exposed to the religious beliefs, practices, symbols, and rhetoric of the mainstream culture. For Asian American immigrants who are faced with prejudice, racism, and discrimination, religious conversion may provide a sense of refuge and facilitate processes of assimilation and acculturation, which may explain why the majority of Asian Americans in the United States identify themselves as Christian . But one should not assume that Asian American immigrants adopt Christianity merely as a way to be accepted by the majority culture. Indeed, for some Asian American immigrants, Christianity is their religion of choice. However, it is different in the case of immigrants from India. As Khandelwal claims, unlike other Asian immigrants, Indians who are mostly from Hindu religion, have displayed little questioning of their faiths and they are unlikely to convert to another religion. Moreover, Hinduism, the dominant religion in India, faces the challenge of being a minority religion in America, where Christianity is dominant . These immigrants will therefore face the challenge of maintaining their belief system in the minority, which is opposite from their homeland. This in turn, will affect their acculturation process greatly as they struggle with their religious views. Clearly religion plays a major role in the process of adapting to a new culture. Religion is especially important for Asian Indian immigrants, who already place a high value on their own belief system. Whether holding fast to their own religion, or converting to some other religion, these immigrants will practice some kind of religion after their arrival in the U.S. 3.2.4 Food Indians who have a vast variety of food habits have a hard time adapting easily to Western food. One of the major causes for this lies in the great number of religions practiced by Indian immigrants. As a result of religious food laws many of Indias people do not consume animal products, which include eggs. The work of Bankston and Hidalgo shows that Indian immigrants are highly unwilling to change their food consumption habits. For example, most Indian Hindus avoid beef and pork, while Pakistanis avoid pork and alcoholic beverages. Most Indians prefer meals from their own culture. However, in households with children, American style meals have become more frequent . Indians have preferred home-cooked meals for a long time, and it has been a part of their culture. They believe that eating at home together with all members of their family is an important ritual for bonding with each other. Many Indian Americans continue to preserve their traditional food habits in America. However, most of the Indians are also adapting to Western food. One example is that pizza is the next alternative food in popularity when compared to their native foods, as well as a timesaver when cooking at home. Indian parents in America expect their children to appreciate home-cooked food more than meals eaten outside the home, although sometimes US born children have a hard time understanding why they need to eat homemade food . Some Indians run Indian restaurants, where they serve national food for not only Indians but also other Americans. As Indian food is mainly spicy, the waiters ask American customers if they prefer their food mild, medium or spicy. One owner of an Indian restaurant had the following to say: I have seen situations where Indian food can send them sweating all over [running to decrease their spiciness by drinking more water or juices] that is not good for our business, so we try to accommodate them . For many Indian immigrants food plays a major role in the acculturation process. While religion prohibits complete adaptation to American food, traditional spices and preparation of Indian cuisine varies greatly from that of Western cuisine. This also plays a role in preventing some Indians from accepting the new style of food. Naturally everyone must eat, therefore food plays a major role in the acculturation process. 3.2.5 Marriage Customs According to Indian tradition, Indians get married based on an arranged marriage usually within their own community. This tradition has been preserved from generation to generation. The selection of a marriage partner depends on a set of persons recommended by the partners families (with the full approval and consent of the parents). Family or community members continue to be involved in the selection of a suitable mate. The family and educational backgrounds of the potential partner are thoroughly examined before introductions are made. Indians believe that their children will be happier if they are married to someone who shares the same history, tradition, religion, and social customs and who will be able to impart these values to their children, thus ensuring the continuity of the community. They believe that such marriages made within the community tend to be more stable and long lasting than those that cross community borders . In fact, many American born Asian Indians encounter tremendous obstacles in dating and marriage. On the one hand, their parents warn them not to date until they marry and expect that the children get married according to an arranged marriage which is a custom brought over from India . Indian parents believe that sexual contact before the marriage is immoral and corrupt. On the other hand, the American born children have friends for whom dating is very common and normal. These immigrants desire to fit in the environment in which they find themselves. Accordingly there have been many cases where some Indian lovers are secretly married, and in the worst case, some couples have committed suicide as of result of their relationship being rejected by family. However, some Asian Indian American men and women still prefer to return to their homelands for arranged marriages. In these cases, family members at home seek out appropriate possibilities for marriage to their son or daughter. At the right time, the son or daughter returns home to choose from the candidates assembled by their family . Even the other religion practiced by these immigrants plays a role in the process of acculturation. For example Muslim parents usually accept interfaith marriages for boys, because children customarily follow the fathers faith. However, daughters face a greater challenge because parents do not want their grandchildren to lose their Islamic affiliation . Some Indians came after their marriage in India, whereas some came as students. Most of the students have returned to India for getting married. There are also a few instances where an Indian married an American because of the relationship between the countries and individuals. Other Indians have dated Americans. However, the fact is that dating is not a traditional Indian custom and Indian parents tend to warn their children not to date, although they are slowly yielding to their offsprings demands to be allowed to date . The situation of arranged marriages in India is changing too. As second-generation immigrants Sanjay and Veera observed that: Even in India you see people pushing back and becoming more Westernized, more mainstream. Ive seen my cousins, and [by, #184] leaps and bounds, theyve gone past what is traditional. [Indian American young adults] dont drink and smoke and have lived a sheltered life. Theyve always lived at home and havent gone out much. My cousins in India are more advanced. A lot of my cousins married their boyfriends . Customs surrounding marriage can have a major impact on the acculturation process. Especially for those coming from India, where marriages are still arranged by family, the concept of dating before marriage creates an obstacle for many parents and their children. While customs among Indian immigrants are changing, allowing for young people to find their own spouse, many first-generation immigrants have a hard time letting go of old habits. For these families the acculturation process will be influenced by the marriage customs of the U.S. 3.2.6 Language Different languages are spoken in India depending on different regions. Some languages are quite independent and difficult to understand by the neighboring people who speak a different language. In spite of these language differences, most people are able to speak Hindi due to its status as a national language and English due to British colonial rule for two centuries in India. The Indian government recognized the English language as an additional official language. Language is one of the main norms that brings people together and helps them to adapt to the U.S. Proficient English knowledge is one of the reasons Indians migrate to America, and it also helps them to assimilate more easily into life in America . After 1965 most of the Indians arrived in America from different language groups. However, they all knew English. Most immigrants join Indian communities, where they can practice not only Hindi but also their regional language. As Khandelwal claims, first and second-generation immigrants practice different uses of language in America. As for the first-generation, they tend to speak English and at the same time they tend to maintain their native language. However, first-generation immigrants face linguistic problems to speak American English due to their thick Indian accent. The second-generation immigrants who are already born and brought up in the US are usually thought to speak English with an American accent and rejected their parents Indian accent, in turn; their parents considered their childrens English as too American. These second-generation Indian immigrants are involved with Indian languages through movies, songs or when they visit India. Though they understand their parents language, most of them are not able to speak or to write it . According to Khandelwal, the first-generation immigrants tend to be more integrated speaking both English and their mother tongue, whereas the second-generation grows up speaking English as a mother tongue and learn their parents language only to satisfy their parents wishes. Obviously, language plays an important role in the acculturation process for Indian immigrants. While many immigrants have already learned English before they arrived, their English proficiency affects their ability to assimilate into the new culture.

What is Instructional Technology? Essay -- Definition IT Essays

What is Instructional Technology? Describing Instructional Technology (IT) is a lot like herding cats – it can probably be done but it won’t be easy. It has been a difficult question for educational researchers and technologists to answer. Few other fields have such a difficulty in self-definition. Everyone can readily define such fields as psychology and biology, but the IT field is so new that no one has a definite answer. The term instructional technology is further confused because it is often used interchangeably with the terms educational technology and instructional design. The Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) (1994) defines IT as "the theory and practice of design, development, utilization management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning." Silber (1970) describes IT as "the development . . . of instructional systems components (messages, people, materials, devices, techniques, settings) and the management of the development . . . in a systematic manner with the goal of solving educational problems." According to Tickton (1970), "instructional technology is a way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives, based on research in human learning and communication and employing a combination of human and non-human resources to bring about more effective instruction." The U.S. Commission on Instructional Technology (1970) defines IT as ". . . the media born of the communications revolution which can be used for instructional purposes along side the teacher, textbook, and blackboard. . . . a systematic way of designing, implementing and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in... ...ugustana.edu/library/Newsletter1/index.htm . Commission on Instructional Technology. (1970). To improve learning. A report to the President and the Congress of the United States. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office. Jones, B.W. (1999). A Differentiating Definition of Instructional Technology and Educational Technology. Available online: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Campus/7941/trmpprh.html Seels, B.B. and Richey, R.C. (1994). Instructional technology: The definition and domains of the field. Washington, D.C: AECT. Silber, K.H. (1970). What field are we in, anyhow? Audiovisual Instruction, (15(5), pp. 21-24. Tickton, S.G. (1970). To improve learning: An evaluation of instructional technology. New York: R.R. Bowker Company. Webster’s Dictionary (1989). Edited by Patterson, R.F. and Litt, D. Miami, FL, P.S.I. & Associates, Inc.

An Archery Test Rig Made Using Computer Aided Design

University Malaysia Pahang Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering Project Work Report Subject : Computer Aided Design Code : Bmm2613 Lecturer : Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib [email  protected] Edu. My Session/Semester : 2012/2013 Semester 1 Groupname : Group 3 ‘the Expendables' Project Submission Date : (Week 13) Report Due Date : (Week 13) Group Members : Siti Nursoleha Binti Mohd Rosdima12060 Poo Suk Sengma11067 Amirah Fatin Binti Amranma12057 Nur Shamimi Binti Shahirolmc12033 Lee Sing Soonmg11008 Subject : Computer Aided Design Code : Bmm2613 Lecturer : Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib [email  protected] Edu. My Session/Semester : 2012/2013 Semester 1 Groupname : Group 3 ‘the Expendables' Project Submission Date : (Week 13) Report Due Date : (Week 13) Group Members : Siti Nursoleha Binti Mohd Rosdima12060 Poo Suk Sengma11067 Amirah Fatin Binti Amranma12057 Nur Shamimi Binti Shahirolmc12033 Lee Sing Soonmg11008 Lecturer’s Declaration We hereby declare that we have checked this project and in our opinion this project is satisfactory in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering. Signature: Name of Supervisor: Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib Position: Lecturer in Computer Aided Design of Universiti Malaysia Pahang Date: 11 December 2012 STUDENT’S DECLARATION We hereby declare that the work in this project work is our own except for quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged.The project work has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of other degree or even been used by other industrial or non-industrial company associated. Signature: Name: Siti Nursoleha Binti Mohd Rosdi ID Number: MA12060 Signature: Name: Poo Suk Seng ID Number: MA11067 Signature: Name: Amirah Fatin Binti Amran ID Number: MA12057 Signature: Name: Lee Sing Soon ID Number: MG11008 Signature: Name: Nur Shamimi Binti Shahirol ID Number: MC12 033 Date: 11 December 2012 ABSTRACT This project work is about creating a strong design based on the topic given to us which is archery test rig.To achieve the project objective, the test rig structure must be design and suitable for place the archery testing apparatus. We need to develop tools that can test the efficiency in archery equipment. The arrows were made of pine and consisted of a main shaft and about 15–20 centimeter (6–8 inches) long fore shaft with a flint point. This led the commercial development of new forms of bow including the modern recurve and compound bow. These modern forms are now dominant in modern Western archery while traditional bows are in a minority.In the 1980s, the skills of traditional archery were revived by American enthusiasts, and combined with the new scientific understanding. As we know, test rig machine that is use in industrial is very expensive in the market and some way need to be build by engine performance analysis based on functionality of power supply. Hence, our test rig been replaced with modern one where its materials very cheap and easy to find in market. Some sketches software had used like Solidworks to draft out the shape of our archery test rig.Materials selection also included in this designed process. Variable height and angle will be given at various speed by the stretch of bow’s string to see whether performance of archery will decrease or increase. Here, we can analyze at which arrow speed is the optimum of performance from this small mechanical. So, some losses like power and fuel can be decrease. AKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah, the Most Benevolent and the most Merciful. All the praise and blessing be upon Prophet Muhammad S. A. W.. Every sincere appreciation and gratitude is only to God.Only by His Kindness and Guidance that this project work report is finally completed . In preparing this report, we have in contact with many people and academicians. They had contributed to ward my understanding, thought, and also guidance. In particular, we wish to express my sincere appreciation to our main lecturer, Mr. Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib for his valuable guidance, advice and continuous encouragement, constructive criticism and suggestion throughout this project. Without his continued support and interest, this project work would not have been the same as presented here.My sincere also extends to all our beloved family especially our parents, because if it’s not of their prayer and support we would not be here and done this project work. Moreover, we would like to thanks for all our colleagues and other who has provides assistance at various occasions. Their view tips are useful indeed in helping us to achieve doing this project. Because of their courageous, we can still stand to complete this project. Hence, to all people that direct or indirectly involve accomplishing our project that we were been sincerely thankful. TABLE OF CONTENTS PageSUPER VISOR’S DECLARATIONii STUDENT’S DECLARATIONiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSv ABSTRACTvi TABLE OF CONTENTSvii CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION I. Objective II. Literature Review III. Market Survey IV. Comparison between Our Design and Current Design CHAPTER 2METHODOLOGY I. Plan to Design the Product II. Conducting the Solidworks III. Gantt Chart IV. Flow Chat CHAPTER 3RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I. Isometric View II. Assembly Part III. Orthographic View i. 1st Angle ii. 3rd Angle IV. Sectional View V. Discussion of Every Part VI. New Design Part CHAPTER 5CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES APPENDICES I.Design Scratching LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVITIONS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION I. OBJECTIVE i. To design small test rig for archery’s equipment game. ii. To test a performance of the test rig of the archery’s equipment efficiencies that is the bow and arrow. iii. Survey to mechanical engineering laboratories and also to shop market. iv. To design small mechanical te st rig using Solidworks software. v. To collect and select cheapest components and materials of test rig. vi. Trying to think of a cheap material and good quality to be used as the primary material in test rigs. vii.Design a multifunction test rig structure, means that, there are other components can be added in the future because of the extra spaces. viii. To conduct a simple analysis of the design of the test rig and to set up the full design in Solidworks. II. LITERATURE REVIEW i. INTRODUCTION This chapter will briefly explain about basic concept of archery’s test rig, foundation of test rig performance testing, the importance of test rig performance testing, development of test rig performance testing, principle of jack and a few related studies and journals that have been done by current researchers.All this information is important before furthering to the analysis and study later. ii. BASIC CONCEPT OF TEST RIG PERFORMANCE Archery test rig performance characteristics ar e convenient graphical presentation of archery test rig performance. They are constructed from the data obtained during actual test runs of the test rig and are particularly useful in comparing the performance of one bow and arrow with that of another. In this section some of the important performance characteristics of the test rig are discussed.It is to be noted that there is a certain speed, within the speed range of particular length of string stretched, at which force applied that is the length of string stretched will be the maximum. At this point, the maximum speed can therefore be exerted on the bow. For all practical purpose, the spring constant or bow capacity to do work also will maximum at this point. As the speed of the arrow is increased above this speed the quantity of the indicated time will decrease. However, the work output of the test rig increases with the speed due to longer length is executed per spring stretched.It should be note that the external air resistan ce will continue to increase with increased arrow speed until some point is reached where the air resistance almost can be negligible due to rapid movement of speed per second. Test rig are so designed that the maximum speed applied point is reached within various angle and height of the test rig. Increase in speed applied means that the increased targeting can be added per unit time increasing the work output. iii. FOUNDATION OF TEST RIG PERFORMANCE TESTINGTest rig performance is really a relative term. Normally it is represented by typical characteristic curves which are functions of testing at some variable of some situation and for our case is archery game. The term performance usually means how well a system designed is doing its job in relation to the input energy or how effectively it is provides useful work in relation to some other comparable industrial test rig machines. Most of the testing of test rig for their performance characteristics takes place under laboratory cond ition.The test rig is connected to a mechanical-based devices such as jack, spring and usual lift up mechanism by lifting the height of the steel in particular joint part. However, the performance characteristics of work, speed versus string stretched, degree of angle, height of devices of bow and arrow are recorded. There are so many types of industrial test rig used but using automation to quickly perform measurements and evaluate the test results. Principle that we used is mainly just simple mechanism that involve physics law and design it using Solidworks software.Our design of test rig operation is to allow the casing the arrow to swing freely with various variables that we figure out in this evaluation. The reaction string stretched various length, L, which is exactly equivalent to the speed measured on a level speed per time, ? , from the line section of the bow there are angle elevated, ?. The height of the test rig also can be organized. This restrains the attach casing of bow’s holder from revolving, or the speed and work would not be affected. Then, there are several factors that must considered in evaluating the performance of the test rig.Most of them are maximum work or speed available at each length string stretched within the useful particular of variable. iv. THE IMPORTANCE OF TEST RIG PERFORMANCE TESTING Today the most common power source is the well-known in industrial test rig machine. This type of test rig machine has been the choice due to efficient and accurate result in testing equipment for an example. For out invention may become natural choice due to low cost and portable properties. The portable characteristics shown may be easy because does not any electrical supply due to mechanical works only use in our test rig and easy to moves by just man-power.Industrial test rig machine as we know it today is not able to comply with future emission demands due to its massive cost and power used not very appropriate for some minority f ield. However, in the future manufactures must come up with new cost-efficient test rig technologies that still deliver the same or improved performance for customer satisfaction. III. MARKET SURVEY Test rig is an apparatus used for assessing the performance of a piece of mechanical or electrical equipment. In our case is to assessing the performance of archery’s equipment that is the bow and arrow.The experiment can be undergoing when we test how far the arrow can shoot in such length per time in particular length of string stretched. Example of test rig used in industrial field: * Aircraft Research Association – Wind Tunnel Testing Facility at Bedford, UK. Detail design for the upgrade of their existing transonic wind tunnel. * Rolls Royce – Aero Engine Test Facility at Derby, UK. Design, supply and site installation of a range of specialist fabricated gas catchers for use while testing jet engine reverse thrust. * Babcock Marine – Devonport Naval Docky ard at Plymouth, UK.Provision of test facilities to allow training of key personnel involved in the nuclear submarine decommissioning programmed. As an addition, from a long-term perspective, the most important sector linking Turkey to the global economy is manufacturing. The share of manufactured goods in the total exports of Turkey increased from 37% in 1980 to 93% in 2009. Increase in the volume of foreign trade between 2002-2008 is also remarkable. $87 billion volume of foreign trade in 2002 rose at an annual rate of 25%, to reach $334 billion in 2008, $243 billion in 2009.This shown that test rig machine is very important to test some equipment. In archery manufacturing, the efficiencies for the bow and arrow to working simultaneously to shoot the longest with accurate moment and high speed is required for an excellent product. Platts is a leading global provider of energy and metals information and the world’s foremost source of price assessments in the physical energy markets. Since 1909, Platts has enabled the markets to operate with transparency and efficiency, and helped traders, risk managers, analysts, and industry leaders make better trading and business decisions.Platts Report: The aluminum alloy market – strong but beset with uncertainty – examines in detail activity throughout the sector and beyond, in Europe, the US and Asia over the past few months and helps bring focus to the outlook of Q1 2012. Comparison of Al and steel Global Aluminum Market to Reach 71. 2 Million Tons by 2018, According to New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc. GIA announces the release of a comprehensive global report on the Aluminum markets. The global market for Aluminum is forecast to reach 71. 2 million tons by the year 2018.Major factors driving growth in the Aluminum market include increasing demand for the metal in developing countries, lower per capita consumption of Aluminum in emerging markets, increasing applications of Aluminum in various sectors, increasing regulations in the automotive sector that are driving use of Aluminum, and recovery in demand from end-use segments post-recession. Asia-Pacific represents the largest regional market for aluminum worldwide, as stated by the new market research report on Aluminum. China and India are emerging as the major drivers of global growth in consumption of aluminum.Europe represents the second largest regional market worldwide, followed by the US. Growth in the global aluminum market is projected to be driven by the Rest of World market, which includes the Middle East and Africa. The regional market is projected to post a compounded annual growth rate of 11. 1% during the analysis period. Extruded Products represents the largest market segment for aluminum. However, Rolled Products are projected to spearhead growth in the global aluminum market. Our suggestion is strongly to use Aluminium alloy as a material for our test rig. The characterized by a relatively low density (2. g/cm3 as compare to 7. 9g/cm3 for steel), high resistance to corrosion in some common environments. Our test rig is showing portable properties that allow this to be use even in hot field, including the ambient atmosphere it can resist form corrosive oxygen content in natural environment. Many of this alloys are easily in the process of fabrication virtue to high ductility. The mechanical strength of aluminium can may be enhanced by cold work and by alloying with another metal or non-metal. Aluminum Alloy Product Description Specifications: Tensile Strength(psi): 83000 Yield Strength(psi): 72000Elongation(%2†³): 11 Hardness: 158 IV. COMPARISON BETWEEN OUR DESIGN AND CURRENT DESIGN In Figure above that is the advance industrial test rig machine for testing the car door system. Basically our design is inspired by above design but more less cost and in simplify form. We eventually make a portable test rig that can be brought to any places. Testing facilities and test r igs come in many forms and are used within a broad spectrum of industries. They perform a variety of key functions from product validation through to the training and development of operators. The benefits from our design of test rig: ) The material used is easy to find in market and very popular in making of industrial machine. We are suggesting aluminum alloy due to high strength that is more mechanical properties shown in steel. b) Complete bespoke design and supply of unique test rigs to suit individual archery player specified requirements. c) Modification and upgrades to existing test facilities. d) Specialist components for integration into new test equipment. e) Shop assembly and proving of specific test rigs. f) In recent years we could have successfully completed a number of high profile projects involving test equipment. g) Globalization. ) Ongoing liberalization of international financial and commercial system. i) Foreign investors’ being directed to the fields ac celerating technological-social dynamics in archery. j) Rapid development and increase in effective use of information technologies and innovation. k) Technological developments. l) Increase in the size and purchasing capacity of domestic market. m) Richness of renewable and alternative energy sources. n) Development of competitive new business models. o) Development of institutionalization and corporation culture. p) Coming into prominence of the partnerships between countries. ) Increasing importance of added value product production, quality and efficiency of archery’s bow and arrow. r) Increasing of the information based (producing and utilizing information) competitive advantage. s) Increasing demand for new, high-quality and different products in the global markets with low cost. t) Contribution of the positive developments related to environment and climate changes to the competitiveness. CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY I. PLAN TO DESIGN THE PRODUCT The actual construction was v ery similar to the preliminary design. The end test rig, when fully assembled.The mechanism is the height can be change by requirement of user. There are two blocks that are used for joints of supporting another holder of the arrow as well as the traction rope length u bow in the spring in the valve use to draw and release the bow string when want shoot. The angle of the bow can also be changed by using the ball and socket as our knees. There is another part that supports the ball and socket is attached to one of the blocks that support the horizontal position of the bow string pullers. The height of this test rig can be changed under by jack at the bottom part of the test rig.Jack with rotor will be rolled over by man-power only and it will lift the top part of the test rig. In the preliminary design two supporter were described below in our drawing, master spring switch length and a socket and ball joint in that can joint the bow with the spring switch length . In the actual desig n, these 2 parts were combined into a single part switch that also has a pull/push holder- feature. Many features were added to aid in the setup and tear down of the test stand. The upper part and the lower part both have straight plane that come in contact with the base, and at each of these points there is a single ? n bolt. At the base of each upper 2 block supporter and after the jack assembly there are plane quick that can be disconnects which allow them to be separated from the rest of the structure. The electrical connection is not exist at all in this test rig. All these features allow for the test stand to be assembled and disassembled in approximately 10 minutes. Actual Test Rig Picture shown below: Door testing for its joints and locking setup Testing. Small testing setup installed on seats for complete cycle testing of all for doors of the car.Calculation of door closing and opening speed with the accurate door displacement by servomotor. Reports and data can be visualiz ed on remote PC outside Car. The torsion fatigue test rig (TFTR) was constructed to experimentally characterize the fatigue behaviour of materials that fail due to oscillating shear stresses. It consists of a base, hydraulic rotary actuator, and torque cell. Given the horizontal configuration of the rig, light weight mechanical adapters were designed to interface with the torsion bar specimens to minimize the interference of bending moments on the tests results.The adapters are essentially custom designed collet fixtures with base flanges for mounting, and they use off-the-shelf collets and clamping nuts to retain the specimen and transmit torque. Tests are generally carried out in torque controlled mode and the prescribed torque levels/amplitudes are controlled through commercial software. In this case of our test rig, the speed can be evaluated by the length of string stretched in such angle specified. The height also can be determined in such way by jack illustrated mechanism.Our design of test rig operation is to allow the casing the arrow to swing freely with various variables that we figure out in this evaluation. The reaction string stretched various length, L, which is exactly equivalent to the speed measured on a level speed per time, ? , from the line section of the bow there are angle elevated, ?. The height of the test rig also can be organized. This restrains the attach casing of bow’s holder from revolving, or the speed and work would not be affected. Then, there are several factors that must considered in evaluating the performance of the test rig.Most of them are maximum work or speed available at each length string stretched within the useful particular of variable. V. FLOW CHART Report is for draft and design. While Presentation is about the whole work Report is for draft and design. While Presentation is about the whole work List the needed material List the needed material Study and gather information Study and gather information Des ign & Sketching Concepts Design & Sketching Concepts YES YES NO NO MODIFICATION MODIFICATION SOLIDWORKS SOFTWARE SOLIDWORKS SOFTWARE FINISH FINISHPRESENTATION PRESENTATION FINAL REPORT FINAL REPORT FINAL DISCUSSION FINAL DISCUSSION ANALYSIS ANALYSIS BRIEF DISCUSSION BRIEF DISCUSSION MARKET SURVEY MARKET SURVEY DESIGN & SKECTHING DESIGN & SKECTHING LITERATURE STUDY LITERATURE STUDY START START VI. GANTT CHART ACTIVITIES| WEEK 1| WEEK 2| WEEK 3| WEEK 5| NOTES| Group division| v| | | | 3 Design must be prepared| Briefing about project design| v| | | | -| Re-do design and lecturer’s approval| | v| | | Get lecturer approval| Do some literature review| | v| | | -| Gather information| | v| | | -|Start doing Solidworks| | | v| | 3 part is separated| Progress report| | | v| | -| Make presentation slides| | | v| | Slides for final presentation| Finish final report| | | v| | -| Present project| | | | v| -| VII. CONDUCTING SOLID WORKS 3 persons assigned to handle this Solidworks. Our des ign is also divided into three phases. The first phase is the jack, the second phase is the ball and socket that is used to change the angle position of the bow, and the third phase is parking bow string, pull and position of the spring in the valve.Isometric view, orthographic view, and sectional view is provided in our report. Assembly part is use to sketch this design. There are about more than 15 parts that have been assembly together in this design. The overall view we put it together in isometric vie. All the dimensions is in mm with the scale of 1:50. Information about the assembly and its components is limited in Large Design Review. Most of the capabilities in Large Design Review mode are limited versions of existing SolidWorks capabilities. Snapshots are available only in Large Design Review.While an assembly is open in Large Design Review, it can make changes to its components. The uses Filter Modified Components to visually indicate which components have been modified. S elective Open and related tools are available on the Large Design Review tab of the CommandManager. These tools let to set some or all components to resolved or to lightweight. The Large Design Review tab of the CommandManager provides access to commands so can be use when open an assembly in Large Design Review mode. Parameters refer to constraints whose values determine the shape or geometry of the model or assembly.Parameters can be either numeric parameters, such as line lengths or circle diameters, or geometric parameters, such as tangent, parallel, concentric, horizontal or vertical. Numeric parameters can be associated with each other through the use of relations, which allows to capture design intent. Features refer to the building blocks of the part. They are the shapes and operations that construct the part. Shape-based features typically begin with a 2D or 3D sketch of shapes such as bosses, holes, slots, etc. This shape is then extruded or cut to add or remove material f rom the part.Operation-based features are not sketch-based, and include features such as fillets, chamfers, shells, applying draft to the faces of a part, etc. Building a model in SolidWorks usually starts with a 2D sketch (although 3D sketches are available for power users). The sketch consists of geometry such as points, lines, arcs, conics (except the hyperbola), and splines. Dimensions are added to the sketch to define the size and location of the geometry. Relations are used to define attributes such as tangency, parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity.The parametric nature of SolidWorks means that the dimensions and relations drive the geometry, not the other way around. The dimensions in the sketch can be controlled independently, or by relationships to other parameters inside or outside of the sketch. In an assembly, the analog to sketch relations are mates. Just as sketch relations define conditions such as tangency, parallelism, and concentricity with respect to s ketch geometry, assembly mates define equivalent relations with respect to the individual parts or components, allowing the easy construction of assemblies.SolidWorks also includes additional advanced mating features such as gear and cam follower mates, which allow modeled gear assemblies to accurately reproduce the rotational movement of an actual gear train. Finally, drawings can be created either from parts or assemblies. Views are automatically generated from the solid model, and notes, dimensions and tolerances. CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS I. Isometric View II. Assembly Part III. Orthographic View i. 1st Angle ii. 3rd Angle IV. Sectional View V. Discussion of Every Part The body part is main part of the test rig. The body part is the support side of the test rig and as a connector.It holds the baton together with joint so that that joint clamp can hold it together stable. The joint is very important is in this test rig also because it is the main part that contains spring that will stretched inside it when baton is pulled by its holder that stuck the bow string in it. Joint clamp is functional in changing the position of the arrow angle. It can be measured 0o until 180o. This is may suitable for some player that plays with their bow arrow in such rare angle. The baton is part that joint in with the joint and the joint clamp. At the surface of the baton there is a hook that is used for the string to be put.The spring is used for the pulling the baton when want to launch the arrow in such speed and length the string being put in particular section hook. There are 4 section of hook that can be put the bow string. The base is eventually for the supporting the whole structure especially the jack. Link is used for linking with the hydraulic jack. Support part is for the hydraulic jack and as a base to put the body of the test rig. Connectors used in this test rig is just screw rod, side supporter screw, base screw, and long screw. This act as same functio n that is to connects part tightly. Free Body Diagram (FBD) VI. New Design PartSINGLE CAM TUNING: Arrow spine can affect the high/low ripping of the paper test for one-cam bows. In 2007 World Target Champion instructed us that weakspined arrow shafts out of his Mathews bow, the name of the bow will tend to tear nockhigh when paper testing. The stiffer spined shafts will tend to show a low nock tear through the paper. That’s one reason why some bow setups continue to tear nock high no matter where you adjust the nocking point location – the arrow is acting weak and needs to be switched for a stiffer shaft. This is why our test rig can produce many variable and can be added in improvement plan in future.ADJUSTING FOR LEFT AND RIGHT ARROW TEARS: Correcting arrow flight for nock-right and nockleft tearing traits through the paper is more difficult than correcting for up and down. An arrow tears left or right because its spine is not properly matched to the bow system. (Rem ember, we already eliminated arrow rest contact. ) These adjustments are numerous and don’t always get results if the arrow isn’t the proper spine or something major is wrong with the bow system. I remind you again that this is not a perfect world and you should not beat your head against the wall trying to get a perfect hole.Close is good especially if the vane slices through the paper are crisp and all test shots produce the same hole. A little high-left or a little high tear, less than a half inch from 8 yards, is very acceptable and tells you that the arrows are flying well. All that remains is to shoot for groups from some distance that matches the archer’s ability level. Our design that has 4 section of hook is very useful because force is very important in shooting the arrow. Furthermore, no power supply is used by our machine makes us tend to do it different section to differentiate how far can the arrow go when it is shoot form different section.CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS There is a significant volume of literature covering methodology and approaches to selecting indicators of sustainable development. There is certainly no shortage of suggested ‘criteria’ for indicators and it has been possible to combine the oft-quoted lists to form a comprehensive overview (box 3). Similarly, several engineers mutually advocate adopting a framework to provide a coherent, consistent and structured process to indicator selection. However, there is an apparent gap in the literature in terms of the actual application of indicators, successfully or otherwise.This suggests that more often than not the process of selecting indicators – from deciding which indicators to adopt, to how many and whether/ how to aggregate and communicate the results – can become so lengthy and complex that the implementation and reviewing of indicator data is never achieved. It seems all too easy to get hung-up on finding the ‘ perfect’ indicator, but as Bakkes (1997) describes, indicators compromise between relevance, scientific validity and measurability and will often have to be ‘optimally inaccurate’.Therefore, aspiring to achieve the best available indicator is far more efficient in practice. Whilst the process of selecting indicators is intrinsically important to successful implementation, and indeed a valuable learning experience in itself (Bell and Morse, 2003), it is important not to lose perspective. Indicators are not an end in themselves but a means for communication and to assist the policy and planning cycle. Bell and Morse (2003) explicitly argue that to date, very poor, if any relationships between indicators and policy change have been demonstrated.They quote Reid’s (1995 in Bell and Morse, 2003: 50) analysis of why: a lack of awareness of the issues; political unacceptability of many actions; opposition from entrenched interests; and inadequate institutional res ponses. Therefore, it is important to be aware of these potential barriers when designing indicators and to ensure that monitoring them is seen as an integral part of the planning cycle, rather than a routine data collection that is not part of the institution’s decision making and learning cycle; hence ensuring that â€Å"energy [is] directed towards achieving sustainability, not just measuring it† (DSCWG, 2001).Furthermore, the cyclical, ‘feedback’ nature of indicator selection and implementation should be upheld. Just as policy needs to react to indicator data, the indicators also need to be flexible to adjust to possible changes in policy priorities and objectives. Developing a reliable and useful set of indicators that truly reflect the multidimensional nature of sustainable development is clearly a complex task.However, â€Å"if sustainable development is one of the tourism industry’s major contemporary objectives, then the industry needs to be able to measure its performance and impacts in this area† (Ko, 2005:432); undertaking this process, through adopting a framework to selecting indicators and acting upon their results, is worth the time and effort required to get it right. The implementation of the Annotation project has clearly demonstrated the concepts underlying the system to be entirely feasible, with, of course, the previously mentioned alterations and reservations.The Moderation subsystem required the use of authentication methods, currently under investigation within the JISC project umbrella at this time, in order to be realistically implemented. Several authentication projects under development will soon become available; using any such suitable project, it is possible to enable an implementation of the moderation system in the real world. Amongst other applications, annotation could also be considered as searchable metadata. This would permit a wider reach for site or content searching mechanisms. During this roject, the idea was considered, but constraints due to the design made it impractical —the definition of the project stated clearly that, as a completely independent service, its existence or otherwise should not in any way influence the operation of the resource finder. As such, it would have been inappropriate to link the Resource Finder’s operation to the annotations. As an example scenario, one might imagine a researcher who reads a paper in a given context and, whilst annotating the document, drops a reference to several other resources r concepts. A researcher searching on one of these associated concepts may therefore be referred to this article as a consequence of the annotation; in this way, one might imagine that searching ’backwards’ from annotation information may provide, perhaps surprising, and perhaps useful associations. While doing this project we realize that potentially it came from us the developing our strength to become more knowledgeable in this real-life world. We are exposed to the market survey, the material used and the important thing is to design something.At last, to wrap up this conclusion with a question, introduced as a statement; the possibilities provided by the storage of annotation metadata are certainly wide enough. Annotation metadata alone is a potentially rich resource; when combined with other information, such as contextual background information, the possibilities are endless. Applying contextual information, for example, could help the sorting through search terms to locate more relevant resources. What other metadata exists that could contribute to the usefulness of an annotation? REFERENCESI. Global Industry Analysts, Inc. , (GIA) http://www. strategyr. com/Aluminum_Market_Report. asp II. â€Å"Commission on Growth and Development. 2007. â€Å"The Growth Report,† Washington, D. C. III. Rodrik, D. 2007. â€Å"What does China export? China and the World Economy IV. w ww. disability. wa. gov. au V. Learning Guide  © 2009 The University of Adelaide VI. DavyMarkham – Products – Test Rigs VII. NaRec – Wind Turbine Test Facility at Blyth, UK. Design study VIII. End of Project Report, by Gregory J. L. Tourte, UKOLN,The University of Bath, August 2003 IX.

The Right of Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror - 1321 Words

The Right of Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror Introduction September 11, 2001 changed the United States forever. This disastrous attack on the Pentagon and the twin towers at the World Trade Center destroyed the lives of thousands of people. Over 3,000 people were killed, including hundreds or firefighters and policemen, many of which were never found. The attackers were Islamic terrorists from Arab nations. The war on terror declared by the Bush Administration, had become one of the most important issues in the United States during that time and still is today. However, it did not always protect those that needed to be protected. There was the detention of potential suspects who were held without the right to habeas corpus. There†¦show more content†¦S. Constitution. The habeas corpus has only been officially suspended twice since its inception. In 1861, President Abraham Lincoln suspended the habeas corpus in Maryland and some Midwestern states due to riots and threats that Maryland would secede from the Union. The second suspension of habeas corpus took place in the early 1870’s when President Ulysses S. Grand responded to civil rights violations by the Ku Klux Klan (The Rutherford Institute). Since the September 11th terrorists attacks, President Bush attempted several times to revoke the writ of habeas corpus. An example would be denying the detainees of Guantanamo Bay habeas corpus by granting him the power to be able to revoke habeas corpus for all citizens. By passing the Military Commissions Act of 2006, habeas corpus was eliminated by allowing non-citizen enemy combatants to be held indefinitely in a military prison without access to a lawyer (The Rutherford Institute). Since that time the denial of habeas corpus has been challenged. Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror After the terrorist’s attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, the Bush administration launched the war on terror. The terms â€Å"illegal combatant† and enemy combatant† became popular during this campaign. Bush wanted to let the world know that if you are not with the United States then it was assumed you were on the side of the terrorists. The Administration’s policies and methods were questioned the Patriot Act wasShow MoreRelatedthe right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror621 Words   |  3 PagesWrite an essay about the right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror. Your essay should address the following subtopics: Explain the historical evolution of habeas corpus, including its English and American traditions. 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Habeas corpusRead MoreReweneable Essay1236 Words   |  5 PagesHabeas Corpus Monica Cruz Ashford University POL 201 Jamie Way May 5, 2013 Our country has certain laws that protect both civilians and prisoners. This law was given a name as Habeas Corpus Act. Habeas Corpus comes from the word Latin which means â€Å"May you have the body† stated in the (Encyclopedia.gov). This law Habeas Corpus states that an accused must be brought before a judge and there must be sufficient evidence and reason of why the accused is being sent to jail.Read MoreHow Should We Treat Non American Prisoners1274 Words   |  6 PagesPrisoners in American Prisons The war on terror has changed how our country sees many things from travel, privacy rights, security levels and a person’s right to due process. The rights of accused terrorists have been stripped due to the need for intelligence on future attacks as well as locations and persons involved in the larger group. How does this loss of personal rights reflect on our country and the fundamentals it was founded on? Habeas corpus refers to the right to get direct access to federal