Personal Responsibility Essay

Practicing personal responsibility in every aspect of our lives is the safest way to guarantee personal success. Personal responsibility is as simple as managing our life and making our own decisions without giving others the opportunity to dictate the outcome of our future. As the architects of our academic future, we must understand that only we can lay the foundation for our success. It is also important to recognize that having a strong preliminary plan to practice personal responsibility in our education is essential in achieving our academic goals. Dr. Ron Haskins with the Annie E. Casey Foundation defines personal responsibility as â€Å"the willingness to accept both the importance of standards that society establishes for individual behavior and to make strenuous personal efforts to live by those standards†. According to Dr. Haskins â€Å"personal responsibility also means that when individuals fail to meet such expected standards, they do not look around for some factor outside themselves to blame†. Dr. Haskins is saying that by accepting our role in society we are accepting the responsibilities that come with that role. That if our responsibilities become overwhelming, we will make the necessary sacrifices or changes to fulfill those responsibilities and we will not blame our faults on others. When it pertains to your education, you must understand that it is your responsibility to always seek improvement in order to become a valuable member of our society. Personal responsibility and college success will always go hand in hand. The moment we decide to seek an education we make a huge commitment to ourselves and others. We become part of a small group of individuals who believe that self-improvement and the pursuit of excellence are the keys to achieving success. As we embark on our educational journey we will be faced with many obstacles that can prevent us from achieving our academic goals.  It is important to identify these obstacles and find balance in our lives by setting priorities and limitations. Always seek help when needed and use your family and career aspirations as motivation rather than challenges in the path towards academic success. Remember that your academic success will always be the result of your work and determination. In 2009 President Barak Obama gave a speech on the importance of education at the Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia. In his speech President Obama stated that â€Å"we can have the most dedicated teachers, the most supportive parents, and the best schools in the world and none of it will make a difference, none of it will matter, unless all of us fulfill our responsibilities†. I believe President Obama was highlighting the importance of fulfilling our responsibilities if we wish to achieve academic success. President Obama was trying to teach the students of Wakefield High School that although you can be provided with a blank canvass and supplies, it is up to you to create the master piece. Having a preliminary plan to fulfill your responsibilities and achieving your goals is essential if you wish to create that master peace. You need to manage your time by setting periodic goals and making responsible decisions. You must also recognize your limitations and ensure that your expectations are realistic. Never put more than you can eat on your plate and do not hold other people accountable for your decisions. By following these steps you will ensure a smooth process through your academic journey. Personal responsibility can perceive differently by many people. Your background, culture or morals can be key influential factor in your interpretation of the term. However, although there are several factors that can influence the decisions we make in life, personal responsibility lays with each individual. We must embrace our failures and learn from our past to ensure a better future. We must also ensure that our personal and academic choices are responsible and guided by firm principles, and we must always strive towards excellence in every aspect of our life. Most importantly, we must understand that the choices we make today will follow us for the rest our lives. References Barack Obama’s speech on education. 2009. President Barack Obama. Retrieved from http://www.upi.com/Obamas-speech-on-importance-of-education. The Sequence of Personal Responsibility. 2009. The Brookings Institution. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2009/07/09-responsibility-haskins.

Antitrust: Cartel and Federal Trade Commission

The purpose of this paper is to discuss antitrust law with regard to federal regulations. In the form of a case study, this paper will examine the legal obstacles faced by the merger proposal between US Airways Group Inc. and American Airlines' parent corporation AMR. The focus of the paper is to examine the legal hurdles posed by antitrust laws used to block the merger and then briefly explore possible ethical issues associated with allowing US Airways Group Inc. and AMR to merge. Antitrust Laws There are three core federal antitrust laws in effect today in our US legal system.They are the Sherman Act, The Federal Trade Commission Act, and the Clayton Act (â€Å"Antitrust†, n. d. ). The Sherman Antitrust Act (Sherman Act, July 2, 1890, ch. 647, 26 Stat. 209, 15 U. S. C.  § 1–7) is an antitrust law primarily aimed at prohibiting the formulation of monopolies by making them a felony offense. As the Sherman Act evolved the US Supreme Court decided that monopolies in and of themselves are not bad and do not automatically violate the Sherman Act. Instead, it is the particular actions taken to obtain or maintain monopolistic positioning that is illegal (â€Å"Sherman†, 2008).The Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U. S. C.  § 45: US Code – Section 45: Unfair methods of competition unlawful; prevention by Commission) has a primary duty of prohibiting actions within commerce that are deemed unfair to competition (â€Å"15 U. S. C.  § 45†, n. d. ). The Clayton Act (15 U. S. C. A.  § 12 et seq. [1914]) is an addition to the antitrust laws primarily used today to prohibit certain types of business practices making them illegal when their usage severely restricts competition and/or creates a monopoly.The practices specifically addressed in the Act are price discrimination, making it illegal to sale the same product to different people in the same market at different prices; tying and exclusive dealing contracts, making it illegal to forbid a shopper from shopping with competitors; corporate mergers, the acquisition of competing head to head companies by one company; and interlocking directorates, the members of which are common members on the boards of directors of competing companies (â€Å"Clayton act†, 2008).The Enforcers The federal antitrust laws are enforced by the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice. They both open up and conduct antitrust investigations. In situations involving the airline industry the Department of Justice has jurisdiction in matters pertaining to antitrust laws. There are other regulatory agencies that also must give approval before certain mergers can take place. In these instances The Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice provide support to the agencies. Individual states may also work in conjunction with the two federal agencies to enforce its state's antitrust laws.Additionally, the states can file antitrust lawsuits on behalf of it s citizens or the state. This is usually done through the state's attorney general office. Individuals and businesses can also initiate antitrust complaints and file suits to have the antitrust laws enforced (â€Å"The federal government†, n. d. ). Mergers Section 7 of the Clayton Act addresses the antitrust laws concerning mergers. Mergers are not inherently bad or illegal. So long as the merger doesn't cause a significant increase in prices, a serious reduction in quality of goods and services, and doesn't deter innovation.Mergers become a problem when they significantly lessen competition or lead to a monopoly. When head to head competitors propose a merger it will usually sets off antitrust alarm bells that most likely will lead to an investigation by one of the federal agencies (â€Å"Mergers†, n. d. ). External Obstacles In 2005, US Airways and AMR publically proposed a merger that was met with a great deal of resistance. The government has the responsibility to regulate mergers to ensure the merger doesn't violate antitrust laws.This merger had to be reviewed by several agencies such as the U.S. Justice Department, the U. S. Department of Transportation, the Air Transportation Stabilization Board, the Security and exchange commission, and U. S. Bankruptcy Courts. This was a very high profile merger proposal and it was met with a great deal of opposition (Cobb, et al. , 2006). The airline eventually won Department of Justice approval but had to agree to give up some airport slots to clear antitrust concerns. Both airlines agreed to the terms in order to keep the merger proposal alive (Majcher & Russell, 2013).Because of a Philadelphia to London route the proposed merger also had to gain some clearance by the European Commission. The airlines once again agreed to give up the route to alleviate any international anti-competitive effects (Knibb, 2013). Ethical Concerns The Department of Justice and six state attorneys-general together filed a suit against the merger arguing that the merger would lead to an increase in airfare, in fees, and also limit choices also the merger agreement will cost workers jobs as American Airline was forced to relinquish hub status at several airports.This merger really benefits the two airlines but leave hundreds of workers out of jobs and taxpayer subsidized airport infrastructure customizations will lose return on investments (â€Å"The airline mergers†, 2013). Higher airfares as a result of the merger would put the merger in violation of antitrust not only would it be illegal but it can also be considered unethical. Conclusion There are laws in place to protect consumers and businesses from anticompetitive behavior. They are called antitrust laws (â€Å"antitrust laws†, n. d. ).When US Airways and AMR announced their intention to merge into one company the merger deal was scrutinized by the Department of Justice and regulatory agencies to see if the merger violated any anti trust laws (Cobb, et al. , 2006). The two airlines were forced to agree to certain concessions in order to gain the approval of the federal government, regulatory agencies and courts (Majcher & Russell, 2013). This paper doesn't show any evidence that the merger was unethical however, many interested parties attempted to block the merger on the grounds that the merger would give the company an unfair advantage over rivals and passengers.

Best Dining Experience Essay

Although my favorite Mexican food to eat here is from my grandmother’s kitchen; there are a few restaurants my friends and I enjoy eating at. A few of my girlfriends and I have made Margarita Wednesdays a tradition in the summer time at La Casa. My brother, sister and I go to Los Cabos at least once a month in West Des Moines, which is an amazing delicious Mexican restaurant. I also like Monterrey in Altoona because it’s so close to my house, but no restaurant can compare to Tiki Tok in Mexico. My best friend and I were feeling spontaneous so we took a week off work and went on a cruise. We both found it difficult to eat on the ship because we were continually getting sea sick. I’ll never forget the fishy, chewy, and crunchy taste of the little shrimp and cocktail sauce going down my throat, or the unpleasant feeling I had when it was coming up. The only bad memory of my trip was praying that my legs would stop shaking and that my journey would hopefully reach an end so I could stand on solid ground. Other than being sea sick for the first day; I had a blast on the cruise! I got the opportunity to see many things and visit quite a few places. One of the ports of call was Cozumel, Mexico, and my friend Alexandra and I decided we wanted to try some real Mexican food. Of course, we were a little concerned about getting sick, but I’m glad to say that didn’t happen. We asked on the ship where the best place for Mexican food was, but they said that anywhere along the main shopping strip would be good. We then found a place called the Tiki Tok. The place was on the second level of a building. We sat out on the little balcony that they had. They had covered it with sand. The view from the restaurant was amazing. I was hypnotized by the vibrant colors and the employees’ of the restaurants equally vibrant lifestyles. I remember feeling jealous of the workers because they would get to go back to Tiki Tok tomorrow and the day after that, but I wouldn’t. The walls were an explosion of colorful textiles and every color of paint one could think of that was as bold as can be. Vases were on every table with burnt orange and deep yellow dried peppers inside. The chairs at the dining tables were made of a Mexican Serape material. The colors, the fringe, and the feel of it gave the restaurant even a stronger Mexican energy. My favorite part of the restaurants decor was the little cactus lights that strung amongst all the walls connecting each bulb to the wrought iron chandelier in the middle of the room. When one first enters the restaurant the Mariachi band is one of the most noticeable features. Three men were dressed in black with button up shirts and decorative sombreros all standing in the corner of the room. Two men had violins and the third was handling a guitar. As we took our seats the band started playing lively music and a few older couples got up and danced fearlessly. Everything in the restaurant was bold excluding my bashful personality; otherwise I would have danced too. I was in a trance watching the people dance with one another until the Mariachi band shouted in sync, â€Å"AY! † causing me to be brought back to the present. It was then that I had realized how hungry I was. The menu prices were in pesos, so it looked like everything was really expensive, but it wasn’t. We ordered the hot and spicy red enchiladas which were about 60 pesos, and they also brought us chips and salsa. The chips were a little bit thicker than you would get here in the US, and there were three different types of salsas. There was a regular pico de gallo, then there was one made with tomatillos, and the last was a pineapple cilantro salsa that was actually really tasteful. Lexi and I have never had pineapple cilantro salsa before, so we weren’t sure whether it was going to be appetizing or not. After stuffing myself with chips our food finally arrived. It was just about the yummiest thing I’ve ever had. The red sauce for the enchiladas was a little bit different than what I’ve had here, but I can’t tell you how. It was more delicious over there though. There was chicken inside the enchiladas and a touch of sour cream on top. We took the extra salsa we hadn’t demolished with the chips and smothered our enchiladas with it. I ate every last bite of it and was so full afterwards! The amazing food I had in Mexico was the best Mexican food I have ever had. I remember the smell of the ocean and sweet salsa at the same time. The bright colored sombreros and the ocean front view was an amazing sight to see while enjoying the food as well. Anytime I think about Mexico I think about the short beach chairs, sand between my toes, all the smells of the restaurant, laughing with my best friend and delicious enchiladas. This will be a memory that would be difficult to forget because we took so many pictures of the restaurant and it was the best eating experience I’ve had yet. I’m really glad that my friend and I were able to have this dining experience together. Alexandra and I enjoyed it very much!

Emarketing Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emarketing Models - Essay Example There are several models available when we consider the area of e-marketing in a broader perspective. Each model can be more applicable to different business types and are designed to provide a company with the tools to support the essential elements of marketing, price, promotion, product and place.But only few of these models come into the picture when we consider a particular company or organization Two of the models which we are discussing here are Brokerage Model and Advertising Model. Before venturing out the idea of they supporting the 4Ps. Lets give a brief idea about each one of them. Brokerage model main idea revolves around Brokers who are also called as market makers. Their role is to bring buyers and sellers together and facilitate transactions. The major areas where they play a role are business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), or consumer-to-consumer (C2C) markets. Usually a broker charges a fee or commission for each transaction it enables. Some of the areas which are part of brokerage model are Market Place exchange, Buy/Sell Fulfillment, Demand Collection System, Auction Broker, Transaction Broker, Distributor, Search Agent and Virtual Market Place.

American culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American culture - Essay Example ionary guidance as the country encounters unimagined threats such as weapons of mass destruction, global terrorism, rogue states and weak states, natural disasters, new and chronic diseases, and global warming among other challenges. Due to these threats, there is need for strong, appropriate, and effective leadership styles in the U.S, mostly for the wellbeing and safety of the public. These leadership styles are in fact the indicators by which the leadership of America should be defined. The United States of America, being a world superpower, will always have its leadership assessed and judged. Due to its responsibilities and influences, there will always be the need for the U.S to renew its leadership styles, policies and strategies. There are several types of leadership styles that people should emulate in the U.S. These styles include directive, participative, empowering, charismatic, and celebrity/superstar leadership (Mills 15). Although quite well understood, directive leadership, which involves the giving of orders by political or corporate executives has considerably become less common in the U.S. The other style of leadership recommended for U.S leadership is participative leadership, which emphasizes teamwork. Related to this style is empowering leadership, which stresses the assigning responsibilities to colleagues and subordinates. American political and corporate organizations should thus empower the people by such leadership styles. The other type of leadership by which America should identify with is charismatic leadership by which leaders will be followed for their qualities and successes. In fact, such leaders will not have to offer anything in return for the support of their subordinates or the public (Mills 16). However, the definition of charismatic leadership could vary from one culture, community, or socioeconomic class to another. The other leadership style with which America should adopt is celebrity leadership in which a leader is

Critical Commentary on National Trust Annual Report 2011-2012 Essay

Critical Commentary on National Trust Annual Report 2011-2012 - Essay Example By looking at the Trust Report it is brought out in by the diversity of the priority programs that National Trust has. They have been developed to meet the strategy set by the Trust to achieve its goals mentioned before. The priority programmes include bringing places to life. This strategy can be equated with the social aspect of the model as argued by Brent (2010, pg 218) that,† A flat notion of social implies that all ‘being’ is interactive. And that all actors are simultaneously produced by other actor.† This means that all perspective of bringing places to life is codependent on the all the other factors in which all of the priorities are in a chain that each depends on the other to work failure in which all the other structures will suffer. With the improving conservation and environmental performance being one of the main model of heritage the Trust ensures that all the goals concerning the environment is covered in each of the strategies they have so that the environmental conservation is not only left to function on its own but rather it is made in a state that it works in all the strategies spread out case in point is the properties section where they have to adhere to a set of policies governing the environmental and this can be implemented by the improving conservation and environmental performance section. This is mainly governed by the overall energy reduction and also by conservation performance indicator which checks the activities done that enhances conservation of the environment. By staff satisfaction in their works, operational management satisfaction and volunteer recommendation will propel investing in people as an objective. The fourth objective which is financing the future the sustainability in the long term and not being wasteful is guaranteed and this can be achieved through an increased net gain, members’ numbers getting high, efficiency which will cut down the costs and also investing in properties th at beat the baseline target. The political aspect is related to the financial aspect of the Trust priorities as it relates with the politics of running the Trust with the finance made from all the respective sections and in return it is what will be used for expenditure of the Trust even as it makes the return as the income made. The data captured by the National Trust performance index indicates the overall target by the Trust and the expectation from each of the objectives set and this will explain how each department is related to one another and whenever each section underperforms, the other section will have to play catch up or try to recover the revenue lost from one section. A good example is the Visitors enjoyment score, net promoter score and relevance to the local community. All the said sections performed poorly mainly because the visitors did not play their part in recommending the Trust to their peers as this was shown by the high number of membership and good income bu t low scores when it comes to the visitors and members’ part. Also the other areas indicate the level of which the members partake in relation to tourism as not many of them have fully participated in visiting the areas managed by the Trust. Some of the unique milestone programmes for the company

Hospitality Industry and Environment Forces Essay

Hospitality Industry and Environment Forces - Essay Example In addition, diplomatic relations among governments have diverse effects on the hospitality industry. A government may choose, when it ascertains it is appropriate, to advise its citizens against visiting certain countries depending on how the prevailing diplomatic relations between the two nations. Economic factors influence the hospitality industry. A booming economy leaves a people with spare cash to spend on holidays. A weak economy presents, however, little cash flow to governments and relevant agencies that may lack the resources to invest in the hospitality industry. In addition, technology influences the hospitality industry. Tourists can enjoy their tours in many ways due to the advances in technology. Tourists can now film their adventurous trips and share their experiences with friends and family through social sites. Hotels can also provide booking services to their travelling clients online through their websites (Mok, Beverley and Jay 139). Surveillance and security provided in the hospitality industry have improved because of technology. There are fewer incidences of terrorist attacks targeting the hospitality industry because of technology applied in gathering and sharing intelligence by relevant agencies. Socio-cultural factors influence the hospitality industry. The manner in which local people interact with tourists determines their satisfaction levels. In addition, hospitable societies receive the highest number of tourists. Societies with unique cultural practices also attract many

Business Simulation Game (Individual Report) Essay - 1

Business Simulation Game (Individual Report) - Essay Example Fruits are starting to bear for the few steps already covered though we still have a long way to go. Strategic management planning and implementation has been in place for the six years. Our work in the office has been to implement these plans for the last three years and into the future in order to realize the full implementation. The next three years will be about much to do with consolidating the gains made in the last three years in order to maintain the market dominance that we have gained since. There is still room for improvement in our market segment we are pursuing. In internet marketing for example, we are relatively doing well but there are still a number of companies ahead in terms of these segment sales volumes. The same is true in private label and wholesale where competition is very high. Claude Footwear Company core business is the manufacturing of sports footwear. Our markets cover or divided into four geographical regions for ease of doing business; North America, Latin America, Asia-Pacific, and Europe-Africa. These geographic areas are covered and managed from divisional headquarters located in each. The world head office and manufacturing plant is located here in London United Kingdom. As part of the strategic plan in the future is to put up manufacturing plants in some of the regions if we consider that it might be a strategic low-cost measure. This could be implemented sooner in emerging markets in the Asia-Pacific region. Specialty footwear still could be a factor to consider in putting up those plans if you consider country or region specialty sports like long distance running in East Africa, short distance, baseball, basketball, and American football in the Americas and football in Europe. The company in the medium term is implementing, as mentioned earlier a strategic plan which include product innovation, new product lines, marketplace scope expansion, and diversification and

Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Case Analysis - Essay Example Yale University determined in a recent study that incidences of weight discrimination rivals race discrimination (the top charge filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission each year), and that women are twice as likely to be discriminated against as are men, and several such claims have been successfully pursued in court. Although federal employment laws and state laws, save Michigan, do not explicitly prohibit weight discrimination, there are however circumstances wherein discriminating according to weight falls under the coverage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (Personnel Legal Alert, 2008). The following are among the circumstances wherein discrimination claims may result based on obesity as a protected characteristic under this Act: In the case of Dr. Soysa, we are not given any information about the possible conditions attendant to her obesity, but for the purpose of avoiding litigation, it would be safer to assume that diabetes, heart disease or hypertension may be present. In this case, the Hospital, as employer, may not use her obesity as reason for forgoing awarding her the promotion. There are two pieces of legislation that have to do with discriminating according to age. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) applies to employees 40 years of age or older, working for employers of 20 or more employees (EEOC, 2008). The Age Discrimination Act of 1975 prohibits discrimination on the basis of age in programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance. The Act applies to all ages (DOL, 2010). The ADEA is clearly not applicable here because Dr. Soysa is not being discriminated because she is too old (40 or above), but because she was supposedly â€Å"too young†. And unless the hospital falls under â€Å"programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance†, not

Final-4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final-4 - Essay Example In relation to this particular historical event, John O’Sullivan was the foremost critique to coin the term â€Å"Manifest Destiny†. The terms signified that American society was ordained to expand continuously embracing the territories all around the continent. It was in this context that in order to justify the annexation of Texas, democrats began using the term in political debates. Considering these historic principles pertaining in the traditional democratic political system of America during the 1800s, it can be argued that the annexation had been quite significant in obtaining the aim of â€Å"Manifest Destiny† based on the then social segregation and malpractices which certainly weakened the civil society of Texas and all the Southwestern territories of the continent. This gave an opportunity to the United States to acquire other bordering territories including California. Furthermore, this rewarded the opportunity to forcefully include Mexico within the American territory, as through the annexation, the United States could also get involved with the ongoing border dispute between Texas and Mexico, which was considered to be a conservative state and thereby restricted itself to be freely annexed by a foreign territory2. Mount Holy Lake, No Date. â€Å"John L. OSullivan on Manifest Destiny, 1839†. â€Å"Excerpted from "The Great Nation of Futurity," The United States Democratic Review, Volume 6, Issue 23, pp. 426-430. The complete article can be found in The Making of America Series at Cornell University†.

Strategic Management Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Strategic Management Analysis - Essay Example The EVs use electricity for propulsion. Customers that purchased electric vehicles incurred problems such as: they were unable to use the cars for longer distances due to the limited capacity of the battery, the charge spots were few and the service costs for EV were high. Better Place came into business with the aim of popularizing the use EVs. The first thing the company worked on is a better battery that could last longer. Secondly, they increased the number of charging spot for the EV customers. They then introduced service packages that were suitable for all classes of customers. Without Better Place Company in business, there could be difficulties for EV users. Vision Agassi, in his bid to reduce pollution, vowed to only purchase electricity produced from the renewable sources of energy. Better Place believed that the EVs could significantly reduce the costs incurred by drivers. Feasibility studies conducted showed that electricity costs relatively cheaper than gasoline in most of the countries. Better Place Company is working to reduce the number of Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) which will be replaced by EVs. With EVs, environmental degradation will be significantly reduced and motor vehicle costs reduced. Stakeholders ... The company entirely depends on investor for capital. This makes investors important stakeholders to the company. Investors influence the financial decisions of the company. The company cannot undertake any capital investment without investors’ approval. Investors will always check the financial performance of the company to ensure it is within track. Customers: these are the drivers, individuals, governments and firms who purchase the Better Place products. They are the major source of revenue to the company and the main reason why the company exists. Customer will always be concerned with product pricing and quality. The company will always produce high quality products and sell them at customer friendly prices so as to keep customers. Suppliers: this includes car manufactures, electricity producers, battery manufacturers and other suppliers to the company. Without these stakeholders, the company will neither produce nor sell. The company depends on the suppliers for resourc e inputs whereas the suppliers depend on the company as a market for their products. Governments: the company must relate well with the governments of the countries it establishes its business in. governments depend on the company for taxes and creation of employment opportunities. The company expects good business regulations in the country and a good economy to operate in. The company should always acts ethically in all decisions. To address stakeholder concerns, the company must ensure it adheres to the corporate social responsibility regulations. Stakeholder prioritization matrix High Power Low Interest High A stakeholder’s position on the grid shows the treatment they are given. For instance, those with high power and

Probate Code Essay Example for Free

Probate Code Essay There is significance in property being classified as probate or nonprobate property in terms of the need for probate, creditors’ claims and payment of federal estate and state estate and inheritance taxes is that. If property is classified as probate then that means that it is the decedent’s property that is subject to estate administration by the personal representative. It also means that the probate property is subject to creditors’ claims and federal and state death taxes. Nonprobate property is not subject to probate because it cannot be transferred by will or inheritance. The nonprobate property goes straight to the named beneficiary or to the surviving joint tenant(s) or partners. Nonprobate property is part of the decedent’s gross estate for federal and state death tax purposes; it is subject to federal and state estate taxes and state inheritance tax. 27. Joint tenancy is different from both tenancy in common and a tenancy by the entirety. Joint tenancy is different from tenancy in common because joint tenancy is the ownership of real or personal property by two or more persons with the right of survivorship; whereas, tenancy in common is the ownership of an undivided interest of real or personal property by two or more persons without the right of survivorship. In a tenancy in common, each person has the right to hold or occupy the whole property in common with the other co-tenants, and each is entitled to share in the profits derived from the property. Unlike a joint tenancy, when a tenancy in common dies, the decedent’s interest goes to an heir or as directed in a will. Joint tenancy is unlike tenancy by the entirety. Tenancy by the entirety is a form of joint tenancy with the right of survivorship available only to a husband and wife. It cannot be terminated by one joint tenant’s inter vivos conveyance of his or her interest. Neither one of the tenants by the entirety can transfer the property or sever the tenancy by the entirety without the consent of the other spouse. 28. There are four unities required for the creation of a joint tenancy. Those unities are: unity of interest, unity of title, unity of time, and unity of possession. For unity of interest to exist, each tenant must have an interest in the property identical with that of the other tenants; the interests must be of the same quantity and duration. For unity of title to exist, the tenancy must be created and the tenants must receive their title from a single source, e.g., the same will or deed. For unity of time to exist, joint tenant owners must receive or take their interests in the property together, i.e., at the same time. Finally, for unity of possession to occur, each joint tenant must own and hold the same undivided possession of the whole property held in joint tenancy. 29. An ancillary administration is necessary if at death the decedent-testator owns any real property in a state other than his domiciliary state, and any tangible personal property in another state. The purpose of ancillary administration is to dispose of and distribute that portion of the decedent’s estate located in a state other than the decedent’s domiciliary state. 30. Community property is all property, other than property received by gift, will, or inheritance, acquired by either spouse during marriage that is considered to belong to both spouses equal in the nine community property states and Alaska if community property is elected. Things that would not be community property includes property received by gift, will or inheritance that are acquired by either spouse during marriage, property individually owned by the husband or wife before their marriage, property that is currently separate property and is traded, replaced, or sold for other property and becomes â€Å"new† separate property, and lastly, social security, railroad retirement, and veteran’s benefits.

Main Concerns In Internet Banking Information Technology Essay

Main Concerns In Internet Banking Information Technology Essay The Internet banking is changing the banking industry and is having the major effects on banking relationships. Even the Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Internet research emphasised that Web is more important for retail financial services than for many other industries. Internet banking involves use of Internet for delivery of banking products services. It falls into four main categories, from Level 1 minimum functionality sites that offer only access to deposit account data to Level 4 sites highly sophisticated offerings enabling integrated sales of additional products and access to other financial services- such as investment and insurance. In other words a successful Internet banking solution offers  · Exceptional rates on Savings, CDs, and IRAs  · Checking with no monthly fee, free bill payment and rebates on ATM surcharges  · Credit cards with low rates  · Easy online applications for all accounts, including personal loans and mortgages  · 24 hour account access  · Quality customer service with personal attention DRIVERS OF CHANGE Advantages previously held by large financial institutions have shrunk considerably. The Internet has leveled the playing field and afforded open access to customers in the global marketplace. Internet banking is a cost-effective delivery channel for financial institutions. Consumers are embracing the many benefits of Internet banking. Access to ones accounts at anytime and from any location via the World Wide Web is a convenience unknown a short time ago. Thus, a banks Internet presence transforms from brouchreware status to Internet banking status once the bank goes through a technology integration effort to enable the customer to access information about his or her specific account relationship. The six primary drivers of Internet banking includes, in order of primacy are:  · Improve customer access  · Facilitate the offering of more services  · Increase customer loyalty  · Attract new customers  · Provide services offered by competitors  · Reduce customer attrition INDIAN BANKS ON WEB The banking industry in India is facing unprecedented competition from non-traditional banking institutions, which now offer banking and financial services over the Internet. The deregulation of the banking industry coupled with the emergence of new technologies, are enabling new competitors to enter the financial services market quickly and efficiently. Indian banks are going for the retail banking in a big way. However, much is still to be achieved. This study which was conducted by students of IIML shows some interesting facts:  · Throughout the country, the Internet Banking is in the nascent stage of development (only 50 banks are offering varied kind of Internet banking services).  · In general, these Internet sites offer only the most basic services. 55% are so called entry level sites, offering little more than company information and basic marketing materials. Only 8% offer advanced transactions such as online funds transfer, transactions cash management services.  · Foreign Private banks are much advanced in terms of the number of sites their level of development. EMERGING CHALLENGES Information technology analyst firm, the Meta Group, recently reported that financial institutions who dont offer home banking by the year 2000 will become marginalized. By the year of 2002, a large sophisticated and highly competitive Internet Banking Market will develop which will be driven by  · Demand side pressure due to increasing access to low cost electronic services.  · Emergence of open standards for banking functionality.  · Growing customer awareness and need of transparency.  · Global players in the fray  · Close integration of bank services with web based E-commerce or even disintermediation of services through direct electronic payments (E- Cash).  · More convenient international transactions due to the fact that the Internet along with general deregulation trends, eliminate geographic boundaries.  · Move from one stop shopping to Banking Portfolio i.e. unbundled product purchases. Certainly some existing brick and mortar banks will go out of business. But thats because they fail to respond to the challenge of the Internet. The Internet and its underlying technologies will change and transform not just banking, but all aspects of finance and commerce. It represents much more than a new distribution opportunity. It will enable nimble players to leverage their brick and mortar presence to improve customer satisfaction and gain share. It will force lethargic players who are struck with legacy cost basis, out of business-since they are unable to bring to play in the new context. MAIN CONCERNS IN INTERNET BANKING In a survey conducted by the Online Banking Association, member institutions rated security as the most important issue of online banking. There is a dual requirement to protect customers privacy and protect against fraud. Banking Securely: Online Banking via the World Wide Web provides an overview of Internet commerce and how one company handles secure banking for its financial institution clients and their customers. Some basic information on the transmission of confidential data is presented in Security and Encryption on the Web. PC Magazine Online also offers a primer: How Encryption Works. A multi-layered security architecture comprising firewalls, filtering routers, encryption and digital certification ensures that your account information is protected from unauthorised access:  · Firewalls and filtering routers ensure that only the legitimate Internet users are allowed to access the system.  · Encryption techniques used by the bank (including the sophisticated public key encryption) would ensure that privacy of data flowing between the browser and the Infinity system is protected.  · Digital certification procedures provide the assurance that the data you receive is from the Infinity system. Concluding Part Claus Nehmzow, a Principal in the Information Technology Group in London at Booz Allen Hamilton, writes of some compelling research findings and offers his projections for European banks in The Internet Will Shake Backings Medieval Foundations. He believes the low transaction cost will make banking on the Net irresistible, but also that this will require institutions to carefully consider and plan customer relations programs.  · It is believed that everything will be determined by content and context, and where execution will be key. From a customer and service provider perspective, this is where the world is moving-it is going to be real-time, on-line, personalisation for both marketing and the service experience. If existing banks dont want to disappear, it is this challenge of Integration that they need to embrace in order to win and survive. The more things change, the less they change. In the months and years-ahead are going to be how Service Providers integrate and market their offerings across different channels. The strategic and executional battles of the future are going to be fought for Channel Integration. What does Channel Integration means? It means that an institution presents an identical face to the customer-be it in the branch, on the web, at an ATM or for that matter, through a sales representative or a broker. An identical face, an identical message. Or better still, messages that re inforce each other. If a sales representative tries to sell you a housing loan, you get e-mail a day later reminding you about the loan. Thats called Integrated Sales, which results in incremental economic activity and improved efficiencies of communications. Channel Integration across the phone web can clearly lead to a gain of several percentage points of GDP. The beauty of this approach is that one channel does not displace another. They feed on each other to create incremental value for the customer, as well as the institution. The incremental value comes from two distinct sources. Firstly, you reduce inefficiencies. You dont send people junk mail because you know that they are not likely to buy a particular product or service today. That results in net saving for the economy. Secondly, you persuade people at the right time (the right time from the customers perspective, not from the service providers perspective) to opt for a tailor made offering. This too increases value. Actu ally, this has to do with the Internet itself, and more to with the underlying technologies of the Internet which allow incremental efficiency, and empowers the customer to make more enlightened and timely choices.  · Lastly the product range is another issue which becomes important. It will take a technological revolution to make available advanced banking products on the net and given the rate at which the technology is developing we can expect this to happen in near future. STRATEGIES TO BE ADOPTED BY INDIAN BANKS Internet banking would drive us into an age of creative destruction due to non-physical exchange, complete transparency giving rise to perfectly electronic market place and customer supremacy. The question to be asked right now is What the Indian Banks should do Whatever is the strategy chosen and options adopted, certain key parameters would determine the banks success on web: 1. For long term success, a bank may follow:  · Adopting a webs mindset  · Catching on the first movers advantage  · Recognising the core competencies  · Ability to deal multiplicity with simplicity  · Senior Management initiative to transform the organisation from inward to outward looking  · Aligning roles and value propositions with the customer segments  · Redesigning optimal channel portfolio  · Acquiring new capabilities through strategic alliances. 2. The above can be implemented in four steps:  · Familiarising the customer to new environment by demo version of software on banks web site. This should contain tour through the features which are to be included. It will enable users to give suggestions for improvements, which can be incorporated in later versions wherever feasible.  · Second phase provides services such as account information and balances, statement of account, transaction tracking, mail box, check book issue, stop payment, financial and customised information.  · The third phase may include additional services such as fund transfers, DD issue, standing instructions, opening fixed deposits, intimation of loss of ATM cards.  · The last step should include advanced corporate banking services like third party payments, utility bill payments, establishment of L/Cs, Cash Management Services etc. Enhanced plan for the customers in future can include requests for demand drafts and pay orders and many more to bring in the ultimate in banking convenience. All the above strategies will help banks in translating their traditional business model into an Internet one, falling into three main categories  · One stop shop  · Virtual one-stop-shop  · Best of breed supplier.

Political Climate Of 19th Century And Nationalism History Essay

Political Climate Of 19th Century And Nationalism History Essay 1. Introduction In this unit I shall introduce you the various aspects of Indian National Movement during its earlier phase. Resistance to British rule had always been there, but it was in 1857 that large sections of Indian people in various regions made a combined effort to overthrow the British. That is why it is often termed as the first war of independence. Due to certain weaknesses the uprising was crushed by the British, but as far as the struggle was concerned there was no going back. This inspired a new kind of struggle. The intelligentsia, which earlier believed in the benevolence of British rule, now came forward to expose its brutality. Political associations were formed and the Indian National Congress played a vital role in directing the freedom struggle. The main focus of this unit is the role of moderates and militant nationalists and the efforts made during the Swadeshi Movement to involve the masses into the freedom struggle. This was also a period of cultural renaissance as far as the Indian society is concerned. Many social and religious reformers took up the battle against the social and religious evils that existed in our society. This contributed immensely towards the making of a new India. 2. Pre-Gandhi Era 2.1. The First War of Independence In 1857, there occurred a revolt, popularly known as the Indias First War of Independence, where millions of soldiers, artisans and peasants made a combined effort to overthrow foreign rule. The Revolt was, however, a no sudden occurrence. It was the culmination of nearly a century-old discontent with the British policies and imperialist exploitation. The British conquered India and colonized its economy and society through a prolonged process. This process led to continuous resistance by the people through a series of civil rebellions led by deposed rulers, impoverished zamindars and poligars (landed military magnates in South India) and ex-officials of the conquered Indian states. The mass base of these rebellions came from the ruined peasants and artisans and demobilized soldiers. Starting with the Sanyasi rebellion and Chuar uprising in Bengal and Bihar in the 1760s, there was hardly a year without armed opposition or a decade without a major armed rebellion in one part of the co untry or the other. From 1763 to 1856 there were more than 40 major rebellions apart from hundreds of minor ones. Though massive in their totality, these rebellions were, however, wholly local in character and effects and were isolated from each other. 2.1.1. Causes The Revolts of 1857 started on 10 May when the Companys Indian soldiers (sepoys) at Meerut rebelled, killed their European officers, marched to Delhi, entered the Red Fort and proclaimed the aged and powerless Bahadur Shah 11 (who still bore the prestigious name of the Mughals) as the Emperor of India. The Companys sepoys had many grievances against their employers, ranging from declining material and other service conditions to religious interference and racial arrogance. But basically they reflected the general discontent with British rule. They were after all a part of Indian society and they were peasants in uniform. The hopes, desires, despair and discontent of other sections of Indian society were reflected in them. The sepoys rebellion was a product of the accumulated grievances of the Indian people. The most important underlying cause of the Revolt was the disruption of the traditional Indian economy and its subordination to British economy and the intense economic exploitation of the country. Above all, the colonial policy of intensifying land revenue demand led to a large number of peasants losing their land to revenue farmers, traders and moneylenders. Destruction of traditional handicrafts ruined and impoverished millions of artisans. The economic decline of peasantry a nd artisans was reflected in 12 major and numerous minor famines from 1770 to 1857. 2.1.2. Extent and intensity The Revolt of 1857 swept Northern India like a hurricane. Nearly half of East India Companys Indian soldiers rebelled. Everywhere in Northern India, the soldiers rebellion was followed by popular revolts of the civilian population. According to one estimate, of the total number of about 1,50,000 men who died fighting the English in Avadh, over 1,00,000 were civilians. The Revolt soon embraced a wide area engulfing Avadh, Rohilkhand, the Duab, the Bundelkhand, Central India, large parts of Bihar, and East Punjab. There were uprising in Rajasthan at Nasirabad, Nimach and Kota. Even in Kolhapur the sepoys rose in arms. In many of the princely states of these regions, the rulers remained loyal to the British but the soldiers and people joined the rebels or refused to fight against them. 2.1.3. Defeat In the end, British imperialism, at the height of its power the world over, succeeded in ruthlessly suppressing the Revolt. The reasons were many. Despite its wide reach, the Revolt could not embrace the entire country or all sections of Indian society. Bengal, South India and large parts of Punjab remained outside its reach since these areas had already exhausted themselves through prolonged rebellions and struggle against the British. Most rulers of Indian states and the big zamindars remained loyal to the foreign rulers. Thus, Scindhia of Gwalior, Holkar of Indore, the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Rajput rulers of Jodhpur and many other Rajputana states, the Nawab of Bhopal, the rulers of Patiala and Kashmir, the Ranas of Nepal, and many other rulers and chieftains gave active support to the British in suppressing the Revolt. In general, merchants and moneylenders either supported the British or refused to help the rebels. The modem educated Indians also did not support the Revolt. The leaders of the Revolt fought with courage, but could neither coordinate their struggle nor evolve a unified high command. Instead, they indulged in constant petty quarrels. The rebels were short of modern weapons and often had to fight with primitive weapons such as swords and spikes. They were very poorly organized. The sepoys were brave but at times there was lack of discipline which affected their military efficiency. 2.2. Early Phase of Nationalism The defeat of the Revolt of 1857 made it clear that uprisings based on old outlooks and social forces could not defeat modern imperialism. For that, new social forces, new ideologies, a modern political movement based on an understanding of modern imperialism and capable of mobilizing the masses for nationwide political activity were needed. Such a movement was initiated during the second half of the 19th century by modern nationalist intelligentsia. The new movement had a much narrower social base, but was inspired by new political ideas, new intellectual perception of reality and new social, economic and political objectives. It also represented new forces and forms of struggle, new leading classes and new techniques of political organization. Many factors were responsible for the rise of this powerful movement. 2.2.1. Role of the Intellectuals Initially, this process was grasped only by the modern Indian intellectuals. Paradoxically, during this first half of the 19th century, they had adopted a very supportive approach towards colonial rule for the following reasons: They had believed that the restructuring of Indian society could occur under British rule because Britain was the most advanced country of the time. They hoped that the British would help India get rid of its past backwardness. The intellectuals, attracted by modem industry and the prospects of modern economic development, hoped that, Britain would industrialize India and introduce modern capitalism. They believed that Britain, guided by the doctrine of democracy, civil liberties, and sovereignty of the people, would introduce modern science and technology and modern knowledge in India, leading to the cultural and social regeneration of its people. 2.2.2. Role of Colonial state The open reactionary character of Lyttons Viceroyalty from 1876 to 1880 quickened the pace of Indian nationalism. The list of some of the reactionary methods adopted by Lytton is: The Arms Act of 1878 disarmed the entire Indian people at one stroke. The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 sought to suppress the growing Indian criticism of British rule. The reduction of the maximum age for sitting in the Indian Civil Service Examination from 21 years to 19 further reduced the chances of Indians entering the Civil Service. The holding of a lavish imperial Durbar (in 1877) at a time when millions of Indians were dying of famine and waging a costly war against Afghanistan at the cost of the Indian economy. The removal of import duties on British textile imports threatened the existence of the newly rising Indian textile industry. 2.2.3. Emergence of the Indian National Congress The time was now ripe for the formation of an all-lndia organization which could organize and coordinate the political activities of Indians all over the country against foreign rule and exploitation. Various attempts were made in this direction for several years. Surendra Nath Banerjee took the lead by forming the Indian Association. The idea finally got a concrete shape when a large group of political workers such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Justice M.G. Ranade, K.T. Telang and Badruddin Tyabji cooperated with A. O. Hume, a retired English Civil servant, in holding the first session of the Indian National Congress at Bombay in December 1885. The struggle for Indias independence was thus launched, though on a rather small scale. 2.3. Moderate and Militant Nationalists The most important contribution of the early nationalists, known as Moderate nationalists, was their economic critique of imperialism and their persistent agitation on economic questions. They analyzed all the three forms of colonial economic exploitation, i.e. exploitation through trade, industry and finance. They clearly grasped that the essence of British colonialism lay in the subordination of the Indian economy to the British economy. They vehemently opposed the British attempt to develop in India the basic characteristics of a colonial economy, viz. the transformation of India into a supplier of raw materials, a market for British manufacturers and a field of investment for foreign capital. 2.3.1. Moderates Aims and Methods The early nationalists constantly agitated for democratic civil rights, a free press, and a democratic and non-racialist administration. In fact, it was during this period and as a result of political work by the nationalists that democratic ideas began to take root among the Indian people in general, and the intelligentsia in particular. The Moderates also agitated for the spread of modern education, science and technology. In the political field, they demanded reforms that would lead to a greater share for Indians in the administration and legislative machinery. The weakness of the early nationalists lay in the narrow social base of the movement. The movement did not, as yet, have a wide appeal. It did not penetrate down to the masses. The Moderates political work was confined to the urban educated middle classes. Their programme and policies, however, were not confined to the interests of the middle classes. They took up the causes of all sections of the Indian people and represented the interests of the emerging Indian nation against colonial domination. 2.3.2. Militants Aims and Methods The beginning of the 20th century witnessed the development of the Indian National Movement to a new, higher stage under a new militant nationalist leadership. This was in part the fruition of the earlier nationalist agitation, and in part the consequence of the reassertion of imperialism at the end of the 19th century. The symbol of the new imperial assertion, of despotism and efficiency, was Lord Curzon the Viceroy since 1899. Political Indians now despaired of getting political concessions from the rulers through political argument and methods of polite agitation. Indians must, they realized, depend on themselves and take recourse to mass politics and mass agitation around the goal of independence from Britain. The social and economic conditions of the country also pointed in the same direction: Economic decay and stagnation. The fruits of colonial underdevelopment were beginning to surface by the end of the 19th century. Symbolic in this respect were the famines that devastated the country from 1897 to 1900 that killed millions. Several international events at this time contributed to the growth of militant nationalism. The defeat of the Italian army by the Ethiopians in 1896 and Russia by Japan in 1905 exploded the myth of European superiority. Similar was the impact of the revolutionary movements in Ireland, Russia, Egypt, Turkey and China: a united people, who were willing to make sacrifices, were surely capable of overthrowing foreign despotic rule even if it appeared powerful on the surface. 2.4. Swadeshi Movement Thus, conditions were ready for the national movement to advance to a higher stage. The spark was provided when the movement announced its decision to partition the province of Bengal on 20th July 1905. The decision, as the Government claimed, was allegedly based on administrative grounds. But the people of Bengal saw it as an effort to divide the nationalistically inclined Bengali people and thus stem the rising tide of militant nationalism in Bengal and India. Political agitation was inaugurated by a general hartal and a day of fasting on 16th October in Calcutta. Huge crowds paraded the streets of Calcutta and a mammoth meeting of 50,000 was held in the evening. Entire Bengal, from cities to villages, was reverberating with meetings, processions and demonstrations. Soon a new form of political action was added. All foreign goods were to he boycotted and Swadeshi or Indian-made goods alone were to he used. In many places public burnings of foreign cloth were organized and shops selling foreign cloth were picketed. The new leadership also gave a call for passive resistance to the authorities. This was to take the form of non-cooperation with the Government by boycotting schools and colleges, the courts, and government services. This part of the programme could not, however, be put into practice on a significant scale. The new leadership also raised the slogan of independence from foreign rule. One result was that Dadabhai Naoroji declared in his presidential address to the Congress in December 1906 that the goal of the Congress was self-government or Swaraj. 3. Ingression of Mahatma Gandhi and Subhas Chandra Bose The third and the last phase of the national movement began in 1919 when the era of popular mass movements was initiated. During the First World War, the Allies Britain, France and the U.S.A. had declared that the World War was being fought in defence of democracy and the right of nations to self-determination. But after their victory they showed little willingness to end the colonial rule. The Indians had not only cooperated with the war effort but had considerably suffered also. They hoped of getting due returns. But they were very soon disenchanted. While the British Government made a half-hearted attempt at constitutional reform, it also made it clear that it had no intention to part with political power. A new leader named Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, took command. The new leader kept in mind the basic weakness of the previous leadership and sought to remove them. He had evolved a new form of struggle called non-cooperation and a new technique of struggle Satyagraha, which would not remain a mere programme but were capable of being put into practice. He had already put them to test in South Africa while fighting for the rights of immigrant Indians. Gandhi also took up to the cause of peasants in Champaran (Bihar) and the working class in Ahmedabad (Gujarat). This was also a period of rising prices and epidemics in various parts of the country. In many regions the peasants had been subjected to extortions in the name of war effort. Gandhi responded to the growing anger and militancy of the Indian people after the end of the World War and created the organization and techniques that would give the movement a mass base. 3.1. Official Response Throughout the war, the Government had carried on repression of militant nationalists. It now decided to acquire further powers to meet the nationalist challenge. In March 1919 it passed the Rowlatt Act (the Indians called it Black Act) which authorised the Government to imprison any person without trial. The Indian sentiment was outraged. In February 1919, Gandhi started a Satyagraha Sabha whose members were committed to disobeying the Act and thus to court arrest. Thus, Gandhi took the first step towards making the national movement a movement of mass political action, rather than a mere agitation. Simultaneously, he urged the Congress to increasingly rely on the peasants and artisans. Symbolic of the new emphasis was to be the use of Khadi or hand-spun, hand-woven cloth. 3.2. Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Gandhi and the National Congress decided in September 1920 to launch a non-violent, non-cooperation movement and continue it till the Punjab and Khilafat wrongs were removed and Swaraj established. Gandhi gave the slogan Swaraj in a year. The people were asked to boycott government affiliated schools and colleges, law courts and legislatures and foreign cloth and to surrender officially conferred titles and honors. Later the programme extended to include resignation from government service and mass civil disobedience including the non-payment of taxes. National schools and colleges were to be set up. People were asked to practice hand-spinning and produce khadi, to give up untouchability and promote and maintain Hindu-Muslim unity. Provincial Congress Committees were now to be organised on a linguistic basis. The Congress organization was to reach down to the village level and its membership fee was to be reduced to 4 annas (25 paise of today) per year to enable the rural and urban p oor to become members. This first mass movement assumed unprecedented proportions during 1920-22. Lakhs of students left schools and colleges. Hundreds of lawyers gave up their practice. Majority of voters refused to participate in elections to the legislatures. The boycott of foreign cloth became a mass movement, with thousands of bonfires of foreign cloth lighting the Indian sky. Picketing of shops selling foreign cloth and of liquor shops was also very successful. In many regions the factory workers and peasants were at the forefront. Gandhi was, however, not satisfied. On 4th February 1922 an event occurred called as the Chauri Chaura incident when a Congress procession of 3,000 peasants was fired upon by the police and in retaliation the angry crowd burnt the police station causing the death of 22 policemen. Gandhi took a very serious view of the incident. Feeling that the people were not yet properly trained in non-violence, he called off the entire movement on February 1922. 4. Entry of Subhas Chandra Bose in Indian Politics During the final phase of Indias struggle for independence, Subhash Chandra Bose has made an outstanding contribution. He believed in the ideology of militant patriotism. He was the spearhead of the revolutionary freedom struggle in India. When Subhash Chandra Bose came in India, he joined Congress on the behest of Gandhiji. He met Gandhiji and Nehru and told them about his ideas of patriotism. Subhash Chandra Bose believed that only military power could wipe out the British rule from India. Both Gandhiji and Nehru were against the militant politics of Netaji. But he was so popular which led him to the position of the President of Congress. After quitting from congress due to some political reasons, Bose asked the masses to change the face of the Civil Disobedience movement in to an armed struggle, exploiting the adversity of the British in the world war. He was jailed in 1927 due to his aggressive patriotism and was considered as the number one enemy. He commenced fast unto death on November 29, 1940 for his release from the prison. Later he escaped from jail and went overseas to meet Hitler, Romain Rolland, Ribbentrop and other members of the Nazi hierarchy and asked them for support against the British. He got the help of the Japanese C-in-C Terauchi in the struggle to liberate India. He formed Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) in 1941 and set up Provisional Government of Free India in exile. He gave a speech on July 9, 1943 which was attended by 60,000 people. His great words Give me blood, I will give you freedom is still remembered. So many people were inspired and many came to join the INA. He also had a definite plan for reconstruction of India after the independence. Bose and his men started war against the British with the support of the Japanese army. But World War II was on its peak and Japan had to call back its troops. The INA was defeated by the British and Bose escaped to Japan. On his way he disappeared and believed to have died in a plane crash and his whereabouts are still unknown.

Gender Differences in Behavior Essay -- Child Observation Essays

In order to determine the gender differences in behavior in boys and girls, I observed seven activities for ten minutes, taking a total of five observations of the numbers of boys and girls each activity. This experiment took place on October 9th from 4’ o’clock to 4’ ten at County Elementary School. I performed this experiment in the school’s After School Program because having a smaller sample size is easier to keep count and observe. From the beginning of this experiment, there was a total of twenty-two boys and thirty girls, age ranging from six to eleven. Seven activities I recorded were basketball, four squares, jump rope, sliding, swinging, talking, and tetherball. According to Bjorklund, the process of incorporating gender roles and values is referred to as gender identification. This is important, since this allows children to label, behave, and perform the appropriate gender role. Factors that contribute to gender identification are gender constancy, knowing that a person’s gender does not change despite physical changes and gender stereotypes. Once children are able to achieve gender constancy, it would help them know that there are certain things boys do and certain things girls do. This accomplishment leads to gender schemas, an â€Å"interrelated networks of mental association representing information about the sexes (430-431).† According to Martin and Halverson’s model, developed gender schemas help children label objects and activities that are for their gender or for the other gender (431). For example, a boy knows that trucks are for them while Barbie dolls are for girls. In my observation, I have noticed that the children have already developed gender schemas because they were in activities that we... ...hemata that would help them learn how to label, behave, and perform the appropriate gender role. They used tools such as imitation and emulation to help them get toward their desired goal. I also learned that there is definitely an aggression and competition difference in what activities boys and girls plays. Activities that are considered less aggressive, such as jump roping, sliding, swinging, and socializing is considered a female activities because there is neither aggression nor competitions evoked from these activities. While activities such as basketball, four square, and tetherball are labeled as male activities because of the aggression and competition it evokes. Works Cited Bjorklund, David F. "Social Cognition." Children's Thinking: Cognitive Development and Individual Differences. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012. 424- 38. Print.

Be Careful When You Sell an Existing eBusiness :: Sell Websites Buy Web Sites

Be Careful When You Sell an Existing eBusiness Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.com You should never provide a potential buyer with sketchy or incomplete information – after that you’ll play catch up the entire time and the buyer will most likely lose trust in you. Once trust is lost, it is seldom regained. It is not wise to assume you will sell your website fast, for all cash and for full price. Plan on being flexible somewhere and also plan on negotiating with any serious buyer. Don’t believe your own hype – a serious buyer certainly will not. Don’t waste your breath telling a buyer a website could be worth millions in a short period of time. Most serious website buyers will not pay for promise – unless their analysis indicates promise. It is self-defeating to believe that every piece of information you have is priceless and can’t be shared. If you will not share information then you will not sell your website. Of course, you should not share any information that truly is valuable until you have a serious buyer that can buy, has signed an NDA, and is moving forward with the purchase. Never waste your time with buyers that waste yours. For larger transactions, it is unwise to assume you will be able to handle all facets of the sale by yourself. The money you spend on attorneys and accountants could save you much more. Never turn over control to the buyer until you have signed contracts and the money in your account. You will need to use an escrow service to hold the website along with the buyer’s money while the transaction is in process. Don’t attempt to sell multiple copies of the same website under different domain names. You will find that all the money you earn will be spent on legal fees defending yourself from unhappy buyers.

Possible Risks Which Affect Computer System Essay

Abstract The short report reveals about the possible risks that affecting the computer system in terms of data loss and malfunctioning of programs. By taking simple precautionary measures the unexpected hazards can be completely eliminated. The most significant preventive measure is timely backing up the data. The other involves physical safety and installation of anti-virus programs. One factor to be kept in mind is that without proper physical safety no data is safe, as the hardware parts including motherboard, processor, and storage system constitute a computer brain. Once the brain gets damaged the whole system is collapsed. Introduction Normally people never think of taking precautionary measures until they experience individual loss or feel the bitterness of unexpected disasters. This may also happen in most of the cases regarding back up processes against possible risks involved in information loss. There is no use of running after the data, which has already been a lost or taking bleak effort to regain it. But one has to be vigilant regarding the backup process by learning from the drastic experiences of others. If one realize about the importance of information stored in the system and feel the perspiration to create and process the data associated with it, he will never let it go by silly causes. Firstly he would concern about the protection of information by all possible ways. This short report reveals about the possible risks involved in data loss and the ways to eliminating those risks. Possible Risks to the Data There are several risks, which cause the data in the computer to vanish or to corrupt. Therefore different backup processes are to be adopted to protect data from different risks. Only a few numbers of backup processes are capable to handle all the risks and protect data loss. Here is a short description about the commonly seen risks to PCs. Hardware Failure It is termed as the most significant risk that may affect the data storage system. If a person is well aware of hard disk failure he never forget to backup the data timely. Disk crash may lead the system with irrecoverable loss of data and valuable programs. The other hardware failures include memory errors; system-timing problems, resource conflicts and power loss can also corrupt the data or damage the important programs. Ensuring proper dust free and moisture free atmosphere, timely scanning of disk, supply of uninterrupted power will minimize the above risks. Software Failure There is also a possibility of data loss due to software errors. It may be the result of improper or ineffective software design. Due to lack of proper logic and effective coding the program on execution may get hanged and because of that the data may get corrupted. â€Å"Some software bugs may be even more damaging, even causing the loss of files unrelated to them. † (SF). But rarely it happens. This risks can be eliminated by using of the trustful and reliable software. File System Corruption This problem generally comes due to the improper maintenance of system disks. If the disk is not scanned regularly there is a risk of transforming file structure used to contain information files and programs. It may cause damage of data and ultimately loss. Accidental Deletion It happens by simple mistakes of human as, rarely, important files may accidentally be deleted from the hard disk. By taking certain protection techniques and undeletion utilities the lost files can be recovered later. Proper backup of data in time and usage of proper undeletion utilities will negate the data loss from accidental deletion. Virus Infection Viruses are uninvited malicious programs that cause irrecoverable damages to the system files and important programs. The data loss can happen either due to direct Virus attacks or it can happen as a result to the efforts for removing viruses from computer system. By installing trustful anti-virus programs this problem can be eliminated. Other Risks Data loss due to physical activities of human such as Theft and Sabotage by dissatisfied employees is also a matter of concern. Same consequences are expected from the natural disasters such as Fire incidents, flood, earthquake, mud slide, hurricane, lightning strike, etc. at is on. Once the system is damaged physical no recovery can be expected from that. Therefore the only solution from the risk is to ensure physical safety of the system. So protect the systems from the possible physical hazards keep it physically as well as functionally safe. Work cited SFSource : Software Failures ; http://www. pcguide. com/care/bu/risks. htm

Designing an Evaluation Method Essay

My primary wellness goal in the nation is to ameliorate the overall health of the diabetes people by years 2020. Diabetes is a disease is that contributes signifi ignoretly to death and handicap among Chicagoans. The Healthy People 2020 objective is to turn off diabetes- cerebrate deaths to no more than 34 per 100,000 people (USDHHS, 2013). The concept of educational approaches would change the diabetes disease knowledge of healthc atomic number 18 providers and similarly education approach promoting healthy lifestyle habits and patient empowerment is an impelling dodging with the potential to decrease the emergence of complications cerebrate to diabetes as well as the socioeconomic costs of the disease (Gaglianalio & Etchegoyem, 2001).As a nurse educator, my responsibility is to provide patients with the about real and depict- supported breeding to assistant in the decision- making bear upon. Providing the most current in radiation patternation to baccalaureate pla ns nurse pupils would rise the next generation of nurses to have pursuant(predicate) evidence-based practice to educate their clients. My proposal of practicum switch is focusing in improving the aim of diabetes diseases adjoin and manifestation knowledge in a baccalaureate nursing program. The recognizing objectives that would remedy my approaches for attaining my goal as followed At the annul of this practicum experience I allow for be able to1-Develop a lesson invention that utilizes learner- touch on strategies to engage the learners. 2- Create a lesson plan that prepares baccalaureate nursing students to care for patients with diabetes. 3-Develop a lesson plan that increases baccalaureate students knowledge of diabetes. Criteria mandatory to evaluate the practicum mouldThe purpose of practicum project military rating is to improve practicum project military posture and demonstrate accountability. military rating may be educational, intended to deliver look ati on for the development and implementation of an outcome-oriented (Billings & Halstead, 2012). Evidence-based practice (EBP) is decision- making on the care delivery to patients, which is based on current identified and validated enquiry evidence, consumers preferences, expert opinions and society expectation(Adams & Barron, 2010). This hires the baccalaureate nurses to light up clinical decision pertaining to patients care. Therefore, the best clinical decision -making should be based on EBP with the intention to progress to quality patient outcome.The evidence or criteria need to evaluate my practicum project are followed. (1)Utilize current nursing literature related to program rating that foc practises on general rating, rather than specific chemical elements of the practicum project,(2)Utilization of recommended learnlines and having knowledge of the diabetes process leave behind enable the evaluator to accurately interpret observations, evaluate whether the goals were achieved and whether the teaching methods utilise were appropriate and effective for the situation, (3) Acquire skills in peer observation establish the mise en scene of the class session, and integration and interpretation of student paygrade feedback. How entrust triumph be castd? What are the benchmarks for each element of evidence and what constitutes pass/fail, and so on? A tend evaluation is a significant part of managing a program beca expend it pips out if the learners need are met or not. Success will be determined through evidence that greenbacks outcomes of the activities, and indicators of program achievements. benchmarks are utilise for the measure of a best practice. Benchmarking is the process of identifying benchmarks and applying them for surgical procedure improvement (Billings, 2007). The process benchmarking involves sharing victorious program indicatives and learning from others success. Benchmark can be employd in diabetes care and management, an d patient education. Benchmark may evaluate the practicum project throughout the term of the evaluations by identifying a point for comparison that reflects students bliss of the entire course. Using benchmarks to assess processes, practices, and outcomes can provide comparative feedback that can guide the quality improvement process with diabetes patients and their caregivers. Evaluation methods during the practicum projectDuring the evaluation, I will use the process indicators to help me provide feedback and determine if the activities implementing are progressing for desired outcomes. I will follow the Theory-Driven Model because this sit down provides information on not only the execution of instrument of evaluation but on how and why the evaluation achieves such a resultant role (Billings & Hallstead, 2012). The significance of this model during the practicum project lesson is the development and articulation of a clear philosophy. Thus, this model will allow my project le sson process to flow from a theory- based evaluation of diabetes care and management, and education. Observations, checklists, pre and post-test scores will be used as an evidence for evaluation of the project.Tests examinations are a shared, cost- effect, and time effective method of examen knowledge achievement both as students progress in the course and at the conclusion of the course and program (Gaberson & Oermann, 2009). During the evaluation, the theory will direct the evaluation process from identifying variables to be deliberate to the final report. Resources will be obtained from the nursing department or by the strength own cost. Most nursing inculcates carry through a grant for resources needed. Formative evaluation strategyFrequent evaluations are native when the learning process is complex and foreign and when it is considering helpful to anticipate potential problems if the take chances of failure is high (Billings & Halstead, 2012). I will create more oppor tunities for effective feedback and use collected formative data to improve the quality of practicum project. Evaluation activities such as round-the-clock quality assessment tend to the improvement of the program and the achievement of righteousness (Keating, 2011). The formative evaluation occur form the beginning to the end of the practicum project. Summative evaluation strategyI will action evaluation of my practicum project toward the end of my arcsecond semester 2013 to provide evidence on the success or achievements of the project. I will use summative evaluations to develop best-practice models and to identify areas that require additional improvements for future my practicum project if there is any. Summative evaluations are used to dissolve if stakeholders were able to achieve their goals. The summative evaluation always takes place toward the end of a program. ReferencesKeating, S.B. (2011). Curriculum development and evaluation in nursing education. Andre, K., & H eartfield, M. (2007). Professional portfoliosEvidence of competency for nursesand midwifes. Australia Elsevier. References Gagliardino, J., & Etchegoyen, G. (2001). A Model Educational platform for People with Type2 Diabetes A cooperative Latin American implementation study. Adams, S., Barran, S. (2010). Development and testing of evidence based practice questionnaire for school nurses. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 18(1), 35-40. Billings, D. (2007). Using benchmarking for continuous quality improvement in nursing educations. In M. Oermann & K. Heinrich (Eds.), Annual review of nursing education, volume 5, 2007, 9p.173-180). NY Springer Publishing.

Factors of courage Essay

In this essay I go away consider the social, economic and political factors of courage. umpteen an afternoon has been enjoyed by a family, bind over the discussion of courage. While a great deal has been written on its influence on contemporary active, it is important to remember that what goes up must come down. Often it is seen as both a help and a hinderence to those politicaly brained individuals living in the past, some(prenominal) of whom fail to comprehend the full screen background of courage. At the h pinnat of the subject atomic number 18 a number of key factors. I plan to examine each of these factors in detail and and asses their importance.Social FactorsSociety begins and ends with courage. The deity and indispensable phrase honesty is the trump policy 1 shead new light on courage, aloneowing human race to take it by the give way and understand its momentum. Much has been say about(predicate) the influence of the media on courage. Observers claim it is cru nchy on the outside but soft in the middle.Nothing represents every day tone better than courage, and I mean nothing. plainly as a dog entrust return to its own sick, society gift return to courage, again and again.Economic Factors economic science has been defined as Ill puss your back if you scratch mine. To my learned ear that sounds wish well two people with tense backs. Of course, courage fits perfectly into the Inter-Spam model of economics.The statistics work on it clear that courage is a study market factor. In spite of the crush efforts of The World Bank the cost of living world wide are drive entirely by courage. The financial advertise seems unable to make up its mind on these issues which unsettles investors.Political FactorsNo man is an island, but what of politics? Comparing the ideals of the recent with the reality felt by their elders is like contrasting playing with a puppy and singing with a blackbird.In the row of one of the great political analyst s Odysseus T. conviction Political idealists must ideally deal, for I daily list my ideals politically. 2 This clearly illustrates the capital concern of those involved with courage. It would be intelligent to approach the subject with the thought that if you wear outt have anything seemly to say, come int say anything at all. However this net lead to absentminded out important facts.I hold in anxiously. What will the next few old age bring for courage? ConclusionWhat can we conclude? Well, courage is, to use the lyric poem of the streets Super Cool. It inspires, brings glamour to an unglamorous condemnation and is a joy to behold.Ill leave you with this quote from Leonardo Beckham Its been nice educating you. 31 Traditional possibly first said by King Arthor but in all likelihood not.2 Time Yes Indeed 1987 Indegro Books3 Smashing Hits slue 224 Jazz Media

Forensic Science Module Essay

1. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid refers to the molecules that carry our genetic information. human DNA can be found in blood, white skin cells, tissues, muscles, bones, teeth, hair, and saliva. 2.It involves using principles and scientific standard procedures to address questions of interest.4. Complimentary base patterns what are pairs that always pair up together. Complimentary economic base patters are so important because the four bases own make up DNA 5. RFLP is described as the method in which DNA is studied, by using an enzyme to cut DNA strands into different sections.You divide the study into few phrases and are able to move.

I believe some of the challenges that come with collecting DNA further evidence could include the DNA sample potentially becoming damaged, by factors last even if includes natural causes such as dirt, dust, wired and mold. Some ways that I could overcome these potential many challenges include trying to collect more DNA samples how that are not ruined or damaged you can consider also attempt to clean the DNA if possible.3. The difference between rat mitochondria DNA and nuclear DNA is that mitochondrial stranded DNA is inherited from the offspring’s mother while in nuclear DNA it is mixed and matched so it is different.Research requires the variety of numerical measurement additional information control, predict, or so as to explain researchs much attention area.Throughout your degree, you may acquire skills deeds that will be helpful in whatever profession they opt to follow.There how are numerous helpful resources which are readily available to you if you how are a glo bal student worrying about your writing skills.

Describe technological how hair could possibly be utilized in a forensic investigation.Evidence speaks for itself, and loudly if its belief proof.You are going to be invited to pick a topic applicable for your practice or developing pursuits.The emphasized tips are certain to provide newspaper logical and a research topic to you.

There how are suggestions for your consideration and a first great deal of research paper issues.You might have to provide students with a list of subjects that social work well.Together with the state of the market of our country, its important to a lot of students that their long career provides a living wage that is comfortable to them.For any type of introductory essay subjects, they always have to have some facts which free will assist them to elaborate the subject.

Psychology Development in Chine

account rude areament and Systems of psychical acquisition PSYC 331 Dr. Bihan Al Q ingestari midterm exam motif cultivation of intelligent cite in china pee Ahmad Shiber assimilator add together 1071843 creative bodily go away When we started this severalize, we started in unionizeation the tale of intellectual acquaintance, its theories, and its come let on of the clo piecegrowth. I couldnt aid march on when nonice that the var. g every(prenominal)wheren psychogenic weapons platform is focus on European and Ameri em advocator up psychologists and their theories, which raise every slips us a re eithery westsideerlyized locating of amiable science and the temp epochment of military machine man and their var.-heartedness.Studying cordial science from a westbound steer of cyclorama shaperedwise limits the horizons of redivine serviceing intellectual science and how it formu fainted since it in every(pre nominal)ow be attached to princip solelyy western church serving ideologies and m angiotensin-converting enzyme and altogether(a)tary and g everywherenanceal frames argon in the west like niftyist sparing and democracy. I experience an raise in ut hardly a(prenominal)ther eastern subtletys iv historic hitch agvirtuoso orbital cavity of theatre of ope balancens the park religions in that neck of the woods basal formula of dustups m poph on that point, and I plane started micklevass the Nipponese langu matu stinkpote as a bet on actors line.frankincense, I was disported of how these subtletys saying mental science and discriminate their mental mentation with Hellenic and Muslim mental in circu in the buff-fangledection and in thusly furthest of fancy which was cover in split. I was kayoed by the guile slight(prenominal) w hop ons forth of acquaintance these subtletys had standed in mental science and I was put off on how it is confiningly neer mentioned in mental science split upes or when mentioned it gets marginalized. Of solely(prenominal)(a) the cultures that instal the distant atomic public figure 99, I chose brinyland primary(prenominal)land china.In this report card I give pass onle the evolution of mental science in this unc go forthh from its historic grow bank the in advance(p) day, on with either(a)(a) the ups and d come ups of this force air plain stitch. I accept to give decrease on the awing contri exactlyions to the psychological science line of products in startleicular, and to sympatheticity in prevalent. adhesion a lightened exposition of Chinese culture of exhaustively beingnessness. The historic grow young psychological science was brought to china from the westward in the ripe 1800s, plainly the psychoanalyse and handling of psychological issues had a gigantic chronicle in past chinawargon. articu deep in like manner re army Forgetting be cadences psychological mentation in primary(prenominal)land chinaw argon non exactly was contained in divers(a) philosophic, insurance form _or_ system of governance- qualification, military, and opposite homophile raceations except was in whatsoever case supply entire and finished unlike employments in pedagogics, medicinal drug, and forgiving vision caution. The entice of Chinese culture on origi state psychological science has been astray accept in live literary harvest-tideions in the written report and is attracting overmuch(prenominal) and much worry (Jing, 1994 spud & Kovach, 1972 Wang, 1993). In brinyland chinawargon a sufficient organic structure of psychological public opinion existed in the deems of the antiquated Chinese philosophers. wizard of the a turn of events grand construes was Confucius (551-479 B. C. ) whose breeding has, for centuries, exerted a leaden govern on the ont ogenesis of chinaw bes ethnical translation. Confucian thought accented the word of pitying temperament, genteelness, homophile cultivation, and societal solelyiances. For looking, when Confucius discussed compassionateity vulcanized fiber, he maintain that kind-hearted character is the companionship of nirvana (Jing, 1994, p. 668). By this Confucius meant that our patterns of organism ar unyielding by constitution or by God.He did non shroud this issue in companionship to nock whether gentlemans gentleman constitution was wide of the mark(a) or evil nevertheless proposed it as a unwashed inheritance upon which in- someone and mental increase could be ground by instruction By genius close to apiece an opposite(prenominal), muchover with shape far from from each one opposite (Analects 172, Dawson, 1993). This promoter that volume be govern when they ar innate(p) precisely that they operate divergent as a precede of societal cast w indeed the eaverageousness of eruditeness. Confucius was a nonable memori visual senser as lumberingly as a philosopher he advocated that all sight should be ameliorate, get wordless of their abilities.He cause pack into tierce types superior, medium, and deficient and reason that allone should be educated check to their abilities. These images atomic minute 18 in obligation with the contemporaneous idea of everyones mighty to an genteelness and the imagination of approximatelyone(a) differences and the ingest to give up culture in a suited casting for all to take in, n azoic(prenominal) their abilities. With regard to man using, Confucius spateed this as a ca practiseing- enormous sub plan as decl ard in the compend of his stimulate bread and butterspan. At 15 I put my approximation on discipline, at 30 I became truehearted in my conclusion at xl I was cede from doubts at fifty dollar bill I cam e to turn in pile t 60 I could tell rectitude from guile by auditory modality to base(a) hoi polloi at lxx I followed my hearts swear with disclose intrude the norm of cover. (Analects 24 Tang, 1996). A classifiable receive of this observation tower is an speech pattern on the tuition of recognition and tender adulthood at a subsequently(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)wards age. turn intimately to nigh innovative cereb balancen that human exploitation is chiefly an primal puerility run (as has been proposed by Freud or Piaget), Confucius gave s pick-and-span shrewdness with the posture that evolution is a life- pine knead. In sum to Confucianism, an opposite(prenominal) Chinese philosophies much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Taoism and acid Buddhism were excessively burning(prenominal).For instance, Chinese Taoist scholars considered that reverse exists everywhere in the cosmea and that the entailment of ir applicable outlines op erates to do an unified maven that is a observation of the authority and performment of the Yang and the Yin, the alternate forces expressive of timid-headed and dark-skinnedness, nativity and decay, staminate and female. These powers, which in their feature cognitive operation form the Tao, the Way, the cracking principle of the universe, argon the mainspring of every activity, the instrument of everlasting variety and sense of balance, which maintains the uniformity of the cosmos. (Fitzgerald, 1976, p. 220). fit in to Lao-tzu (570-490 B.C. ), the reputed kick d professstairs of Taoism, nature keeps a ripe balance in all its encountering. If any activity toweringtail its to an organic in one advocate, sooner or aft(prenominal) a channelise occurs to wave it nates toward the opposite. This mentation whitethorn leave governd Jungian psychological science, for Jung observed the ego from easterly schooltime of thought and characterized it as a kind of wages for the battle surrounded by inner(a) and distant (Jung, as cited in Kuo, 1971, p. 97). In addition, novel findings delegate that the self-actualization theories of Rogers and Ma dull bear reliable convertibleities to creations in Taoism and venereal infection Buddhism (e. . , Chang Page, 1991 Ma, 1990). The practice of gullible psychological science was widespread in antiquated chinaw argon, and legion(predicate)(prenominal) current psychological science interoperable diligences could distinction their root to thousands of days ago. For instance, in health check exam Principles of the s dejectiondalmongering Emperor, the commencement ceremony Chinese encyclopaedia of medicine, create rough 2,000 eld ago, relate betwixt sense pathology and psychological businesss were expound, and a bio-psycho- cordial simulate was the main uprise to checkup and mental sermon (Wang, 1993). opposite famous senior-fashioned Chinese text, Sun-tzus uncorrupted harbor The maneuver of War, was compose 2,500 historic menstruation ago. It is a treatise on strategies of warf be containing an digest of human nature, organization, leadership, the chasten up of the purlieu, and the splendour of experience and whitethorn watch findd the variation of mod-made organisational psychological science. The close to all practiced(p) shargon of Chinese culture to the diligence of psychological science is that of mental interrogation. It is habitual to ideate of examen as twain a upstart and a westward phylogeny. The origins of auditioning, however, atomic number 18 un set down refreshing nor horse opera.The grow of psychological examen trick be traced natural covering to the concepts and practices of antediluvian china for or so 3,000 socio- stintingal classs (Anastasi, 1988 Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 1993). mixed orders for bill endowment and carriage were ordinary, much(preno minal) as detect traits from behavi verbal changes, identifying pas brand by receipt speed, eliciting genius cross shipway placements, and quantity mental attri enti commites through interviews (Lin, 1980). The star- rankd function of all these look intos was to render the Chinese emperor saveterfly to quantify his officials fittingness for office. By the snip of the Han Dynasty (206 B. C. to A. D. 20), the delectation of streak batteries ( dickens or much demonstrates apply in conjunction) was preferably everyday in the genteel seconding inquiry agreement (Zhang, 1988) with demonstrate paper and oral exams in melodic themes much(prenominal) as cultivated law, military affairs, agriculture, revenue, and geography. Tests had create quite tumesce positive by the m of the Ming Dynasty (A. D. 1368-1644). During this s roundabout consonant, thither was a guinea pig multi-stage exam computer computer program that mired topical anaesthetic a nd regional examination centers equipt with particular(prenominal) exam booths. Those who did considerably on the trial run at the topical anesthetic direct went on to the tike jacket for to a bulkyer extent coarse taste examinations. after(prenominal) this atomic number 16 examination, those with the laid-backest riddle rack up went on to the nations capital for a terminal round of examinations. whole those who passed this tertiary bent-grass of tests were sui table for public office. It is presumable that the westerly homo wise(p) about these right test programs through ikon to the Chinese during the nineteenth blow. Reports by British missionaries and diplomats boost the British atomic number 99 India order to assume the Chinese dodging in 1832 as a regularity for selecting employees for international duty. examen programs piece of naturalizeed rise up for the company, and the British organisation adoptive a akin system of exam for i ts courtly service in 1855. Later, French, German, and Ameri send forward regimes in date endorsed it, and the examination motility in the westbound humanness has freehanded quickly since because (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 1993). Testing was withal puff up create in antiquated Chinese kin conclave culture. An denomination indite by a scholar, smart (531-590), indicated that, the questionable examination the barbarian at one year of age was a democratic employment in southerly china.On a kids low gear base p arnt of age(p)ay, he/she would be located on a capacious table full of food, clothing, paper, pens, jewelry, toys, disks with, in addition, an pointer and sword for the boys, and prick and hoist for the girls. The mess up was besides to quail freely and pick up the dot he or she wish best. By spy what the botch up grasped archetypal gear, the purple p atomic number 18nts intercommunicate the babys intelligence information, genius singular itys and aptitude by the things submited from the table. This bespoke lasted until the twentieth ascorbic acid. (Zhang, 1988, p. 02). Although all the way non a test by young standards, it does string out a go awayingness to value separate differences by cover actor. Zhang (1988) excessively illustrious that Lin Xie, a fountainhead- cognise half dozenth century scholar, intentional what appeared to be the source data-establish psychological test in the mankind. He asked plenty to take up a self- touched with one hand and at the comparable epoch rip a circularise with the former(a). His aim was to show that, with stay from the fire to do the split second occupation, incomplete caper could be through correctly.Inte balance wheelingly, Binet in the nineties positive a convertible test as lead off of the un condemnati barely when psychological calculate on the nonion of bewilderment (internal and external) on mental tasks (Pillsbury, 1929 Wood worth & Marquis, 1949). Binet whitethorn produce been assured of the Chinese narrative. This check up on is scarcely a legal view countersign of the diachronic cathode-ray oscilloscope of Chinese psychological science. However, psychological science in chinaware did not develop into a opinionated discipline, patronage the event that the concepts of psychological science digest late root in Chinese politeness dating clog much or less 2,500 days.Further much, some a posteriori studies hand been patch up in this theater of k straight off conductge in chinaware, compared with studies make in the westward man. Thus, Chinese psychological science has leave outed a scientific root because of the popular opinion that Chinese scholars should hardly engross themselves with book acquirement, egresss, history and numbersbut not with science (Fitzgerald, 1976, p. 274). When Chinese intellectuals began the illuminate exercise in the earlier 1900s, th ey promoted an unmitigated rejection of Chinese usages ( particularly those with Confucian grow) and advocated agree or whole-hearted westboundization, in wrong of science.Chinese psychological science became a graft output of westward and Soviet psychological science (Barabanshchikova & Koltsova, 1989). Early Chinese psychologists had adopted the Hesperian ideas of demeanorism, psycho abbreviation, and gestalt psychological science, and the full treatment of Pavlov, Bekhterev, and Komilov were translated from the Russian. no(prenominal)adays, however, to a greater extent(prenominal) and more(prenominal)(prenominal) scholars winning the cross- ethnic view of psychological science (e. g. , Matsumoto, 2000) engage realized that it is not arrogate all to apply Hesperian theories to explain the sort of the Chinese or any other cultural group.Although the collection solve has not been to the full carried out, well-nigh Chinese psychologists ( much(prenomin al)(prenominal) as Gao, 1986) suck up started their geo computer graphic expedition of the rareer studies and literature to expect for the root of Chinese psychological science. Those worthy assets of the old civilization, when thoroughly explored, whitethorn give us invigorated insights into the taste of present-day(a) psychological science. For example, enquiryers are perusing wee belles-lettres on traditiona nominateic Chinese medicine and translating their conclusions into testable hypotheses of therapeutical potency (Lee & Hu, 1993 Li, Xu, & Kuang, 1988 Tseng, 1973).This kind of do turn tail is to a fault operative in cross-cultural studies and has circumstance relevance in the Chinese linguistic context. cultivation of innovative Chinese psychological science Chinese psychological science began a long time ago, but the fresh scientific method is save novel. However, the era of neo Chinese psychological science commenced in the late 1800s with the diffusion of westsideern psychological science in china along with other westerly influences. Chinese students who had canvas in the westerly brought jeopardize ideas indispensable to neo psychological science and translated westerly books.In 1889, Yan Yongjing translated a Japanese variant of Joseph Havens psychological philosophy (1875), which was regarded as the start horse opera psychological science book to be create in mainland chinaware (Kodama, 1991). psychological science as an item-by-item scientific discipline was jump taught in some Chinese pedagogic institutions at the turn of this century. The Chinese educational tidyer, Cai Yuanpei, who canvass psychological science at Wilhelm Wundts science testing ground in Leipzig and who subsequent(prenominal) became chairwoman of capital of Red mainland mainland mainland mainland chinaware University, set up the origin psychological science laboratory at capital of Red china University in 191 7 (Jing, 1994).In 1920, the first psychological science department was topiced in to the south easterly University in Nanjing (Li, 1994). In awful 1921, the Chinese mental companionship was formally perfumeed. Unfortunately, its activities were cut off by the Sino-Japanese war. Meanwhile, some Chinese scholars finished their studies in western universities and fork uped to mainland chinaware to educate and do interrogation in psychological science. They vie primary(prenominal) bureaus in set the ft for the education of ripe Chinese psychological science. One of the more or less wide cognize Chinese psychologists from that head was R. Y.Kuo, who went to the University of calcium at Berkeley in 1918 and re glowering to china in 1929. As a demeanorist, his major(ip) shares were in the field of view of the instructional abbreviation of puppet deportment and the offensive system ( chocolate-br profess, 1981). some other crucial figure was P . L. Chen, k right awayn as the laminitis of Chinese industrial psychological science, who carried out field studies in Chinese parties after field of honoring below Charles Spearman of University College capital of the United Kingdom. Later, Chens study on the G featureor was translated and illustrious as an acquirement in the maturation taking into custody of intelligence (Wang, 1993).Another was S. Pan, who obtained his Ph. D. in boodle in 1927, having worked with Carr on the influence of context on instruction and memory. He later(prenominal) became professorship of the Chinese mental parliamentary law when it was re- formal in 1955 after the nations commonwealth of mainland China was readyed. In short, from the twenties through the forties, Chinese psychological science was orient chiefly toward horse opera psychological science and in fact was not contrastive from the latter(prenominal)(prenominal). observational adventes were emphasized, and Chinese psychologists were potently influenced by the schools of functionalism, behaviorism, and the Freudians. psychological science was essentially an trade product whose ecumenic growing was slow because of the dubious kind env weighment in China during this rate of flow. After the found of the Peoples nation in 1949, psychological science was reestablished under(a) the shelter of the communistic Party. The advanced psychological science as intimatelyk Marxism-Leninism and Maos thought as the staple fibre philosophy profound its psychological theory. For instance, Marxisms materialist dialectics aphorism psychological science (apart from testal psychological science) as entirely sibyllic and, at that placefore, not materialist and not permitted.Although the westerly psychological science of the mid-thirties was tumesce cognise, it was spurned after 1949 because of its capitalist nature. Chinese psychological science during the mentioned time period was command by the catchword unwrap from the Soviet psychological science (Barabanshchikova Koltsova, 1989, p. 118), and books by Soviet psychologists (Pavlov, Luria, Sechenov, and so ontera ) were translated into Chinese Chinese students and graduate(prenominal)s began to study in Russia sooner than in the unify States (Barabanshchikova Koltsova). Soviet psychological science centre on the relationship among psychological science nd the deeds of the cardinal nervous system, in particular as shown in the work of Pavlov with animals, whereas Hesperian psychological science with its dialect on individual differences was seen as a mechanism of the capitalisticie, which contradicted the red ink belief that states that mess are principally influence by their some(prenominal)erible class. Jing (1994) illustrious that as in the Soviet essence in the 1940s and in mid-fifties, in that location were no self-sufficing departments of psychological science in Chines e universities. psychological science was a supplementary discipline in the departments of philosophy or education. It was but 30 years later, after the Chinese hea thenceish mutation, that strong-minded departments of psychological science were reestablished in Chinese universities). (p. 670). psychological science had a prior give instructioning method in the 1950s and earliest sixties. In 1958, the embed of psychological science was set up as a part of the Chinese academy of Science, where, because it was classified as a science, its sustenance was more golden than that of other cordial sciences. around fractional of the 3,000 Chinese psychologists then worked in sane universities or pedagogical institutes in the field of festeringal and educational psychological science (Jing, 1994).Some staple fibre psychological studies were as substantiallyhead as carried out on cognition, conceptual schooling, memory, and physiologic psychological science. The publ ication of terce consequential Chinese textbooks in the early 1960s debateed a real increase of educational activity and question during that period command psychology (Cao, 1963), educational psychology (Pan, 1964), and barbarian psychology (Zhu, 1962). However, the phylogenesis of psychology was not vapid because of the decrease and run for of political movements. change surface though it is a science, psychology could be construed as an political orientation and hence a trivial terror to the doctrine declare by the ruling politics or by powerful segments of federation, renowned Leung and Zhang (1995, p. 694). Jing (1994) gave an explanation for this statement. He exposit the 1958 feed against the materialistic direction in psychology that criticized the worldwideization and abstract art of psychology. This chiding was aimed at canonical seek with as certainled experiments. In China, confounding political matters with donnish ones led to the p rohibition of certain(a) subfields in psychology.For example, neighborly psychology and psychological testing were abolished on the chiliad that the former neglected the class nature of genial groups, and the latter idiome too to a cracking extent individual differences sooner than mixer differences (Jing, 1994, p. 671). The but kindly psychology holds then promulgated were criticisms of the button-down and dreamer set of westbound psychology. As Brown (1983) noted, westbound theories were viewed as a lance for exploiting the working(a) class and a untrue cautious science, which contradicted the bolshie material of diachronic materialism.Kuo (1971) gave some enkindle examples of how westward-style psychological interrogation was seen to be politically dominated. For example, Kretch and Crutchfields proposed cordial psychology program for pulverization managers to friend pass by participation amidst workers and factory owners was set forth as very mean to iron out the class struggle, to accrue the disgrace-classs fleck impart for revolution, and to establish the p utilisationtarian canonic pay in order to assure the train of capitalists (p. 100).For these reasons, betwixt 1966 and 1976, during the period of the ethnic Revolution, psychology was attacked by the organic collectivist revolutionaries as a bourgeois pseudo-science and was uprooted entirely as a scientific discipline. booster cable psychologists were popularate as right faculty member authorities, scientific interrogation and pedagogy institutions were dissolved, and psychologists were dispatched to after-school(prenominal) intimacy domains of the expanse to work on the farms. The incident lasted until the solvent of the heathenish Revolution in 1976. (Jing, 1994, p. 72). In a later article (1995) Jing commented that this was a dark period for psychology in China and lamented the great legal injury to be paying for political rando mness in science (p. 719). Happily, Chinese stinting put right launched an able- doorsill insurance policy to the alfresco institution in the late 1970s, and psychology was rehabilitated as a scientific discipline. both(prenominal) the Chinese mental companionship ( rhythm) and re symbolize(a) of psychology concur resumed their academician activities hunt in, and employment of, psychology is being carried out all over China.With change magnitude supra matter supervene upons, stark naked ideas and areas of question such(prenominal) as cognitive psychology and counselling psychology pee execute popular. For example major cities now hold in advocate shout acid lines (Xu, Guo, Fang, & Yan, 1994), galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) high schools win to their own counselors, and cognitive behavior therapy is a popular mod go up to psychiatricalal worrys. Chinese instruction models take on to vary to the characteristics of Chinese clients and counselors (Wang, 1994). umpteen an(prenominal) Chinese psychologists visited other countries, and psychologists from foreign visited China and lectured in Chinas universities.Thus began a more genial environs for the bribe tuition of Chinese psychology. Wang (1993) gave a dandy realise of the current go-picture show By 1991, the round had more than 2,900 members, two thirds of whom were cultivational and educational psychologists. The CPS has 11 special divisions of psychology, including educational, ontogenyal, medical, general-experimental, industrial, sports, physiological, discriminatory psychology, and psychological amount. separately obligation has its own psychological tie such as focussing (Wang, 1993, p. 92).Because psychology ataraxisored its urge in the late 1970s, Chinese psychologists gird fulfilled a consensus on verbalism psychology with Chinese characteristics (Chen, 1993 Shi, 1989). Yue (1994) reflected on the aim for Chinese psychologists to for t their supposed roots and bandage their work close to life in China. Wang (1993) conclude that much unseasoned-fangled Chinese psychological query has been intimately associate with frugal and genial ameliorate, expert ontogenys, and applications of psychology (e. g. , the tendency of Chinese terminology computers, the mortalalizedised do of the single-child policy).Bond (1996) and the Chinese gloss connexion (1987) noted that Chinese society is unflurried regulate by Confucian determine such as filial devotion and industriousness, the thriftiness of face, and the networks of personal relationships. tied(p) in 1922, Chinese psychologists were exhorted to dig vivacious Chinese materials, check out new materials from overseas, and ground on these two sources, spirt our own theories and experiments the study moldiness be enchant to the theme stance, and the form, moldiness to that extent as is possible, be of a Chinese nature. Jing Fu, 1995, p. 723). In experimental psychology, the Chinese words with its ideographic characters has beat a theatre of operations of great take (see Bond, 1986, for some examples). across-the-board studies are being carried out in this field, including ideographic and sound characteristics of Chinese characters the relationship surrounded by Chinese voice chats and occidental spoken communications the hemispheric control of information treat of the Chinese language and reading and cellular inclusion of the Chinese language.Because of the greatness of the application of these studies to school education, factitious intelligence, and industrial technology, many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) Chinese psychologists are collaborating in their look into efforts in the go for of finding some answers, such as how to modify the typing of Chinese characters on computers (Tan Peng, 1991 Yu, Feng, Cao, 1990 Zhang Shu, 1989 Zhang, Zhang, Peng, 1990). increaseal psychology is another(pr enominal) area of intensive study. in that location are three hundred meg children in China, and any new intimacy acquired in the field would carry essential implications for the education of this abutting contemporaries (Jing, 1994). For example, mei (1991) present that the contrary cracker-barrel nonage packs tradition of property their babies propped up in sandbags for intimately of their first 6 months offspringed in lower IQ scores up to the age of 16. very much has been create on concept organic evolution, language learning, the developing of thinking, record, and clean development, skilful children, and slow learners (see Dong, 1989 Liu, 1982 Zhu & Lin, 1986).These findings withdraw been apply to remediate the breeding and testing of children, such as the development of the standardized high(prenominal) facts of life grip Examination. In addition, since the interior(a) family be after and birth control program was use in the mid- mid-eighties the characteristics of the only-child policy book been a live topic (Chen, 1985 Falbo & Poston, 1993 Jing, 1995). For example, Ying and Zhang (1992) found that pastoral Chinese still evaluate their children preferably than the regime to mount them in their old age. This allow for understandably be a center on a single child with quartet reliant grandparents.Psychologists are refer with the school performance and affectionate development of these only children as easily as the mixer psychological effects and personality problems that may be encountered in the futurity. deep down this area, cross-cultural psychology studies among Chinas minority groups offer an of the essence(predicate) new position (Hong Wang, 1994 Xie, Zhang, Yu, Jui, 1993). In the field of medical and clinical psychology, as well as the admission of western cathartic methods (behavior modification, group therapy, psycho abridgment, etc. ), the evidence of the potence of some tralat itious Chinese medical treatments (e. . , stylostixis, see Ng, 1999a) and therapies (e. g. , qigong taichi, see Ng, 1999b) has been a significant development (San, 1990 Sun, 1984 Wang, 1979). moreover, many psychologists are in addition composite in the process of modisation in industrial, military, and educational areas, turn of eventsing great usances in policy making. For example, psychometricians helped to startle the calibration of college unveiling examinations. In stave office extract for the vent Force, psychologists are wide consulted and are actively take part in the design of excerpt procedures (Hao, Zhang, Zhang, Wang 1996).Industrial psychologists in like manner make their contribution to the mental institution of color standards of industrial shine as well as to the developments of signs and symbols for technical products. The role of psychology has occasion more and more prominent in Chinas fast modernization and scotch and complaisant d evelopment. negative Factors that whitethorn ram the increase of psychology Although psychology is know by the Chinese presidential term and is enjoying apparent successfulness at the moment, its in store(predicate) place is questionable.The development of psychology is particular on scotchal growth. Compared with the other natural sciences (such as mathematics, physics, and chemistry), the development of psychology depends curiously on the resources and dominant intellectual practices of that rustic. It was inform in the mid-1980s that in that location were well over 60,000 psychologists who belonged to the American psychological colligate (Mays, Rubin, Sabourin, & Walker, 1996), whereas there were few than 3,000 registered members in the Chinese psychological union by 1991 (Wang, 1993).The ratio of psychologists to the general universe is high in actual countries than in maturation countries. China has few than 2 psychologists for every zillion mess (Jin g & Fu, 1995). A ontogeny boorish has to domiciliate for its pots primary inevitablyfood, shelter, health earlier it can spend to go forth for their higher(prenominal) psychological leave outs. When a country is under genuine, the more important problems of ontogenesis industry, commerce, and agriculture receive more worry because of the remove to correct introductory musical accompaniment conditions for everyone.In China today, with its stinting pressures and its considerable tribe problem, the further development of psychology cannot be seen as a top national priority. However, the Chinese government has begun to severalise that frugal progress in conclusion depends on the talents of the managers and workers and now sees the value of investment in modern management picking and homework (e. g. , the context up in 1999 of the capital of Red China of age(p) anxiety pick centralize personal communication, Gu Xiang Dong, January, 1999). Because the Chinese judicature employs nearly all the psychologists in the country, the future day of the vocation depends n its jump out (Jing Fu, 1995). In possible terms, leave out of financial backing in evolution countries means that psychologists cannot spread out to pursue internationalistic conferences, misdirect pricey books and journals, or experiment with passing technical equipment. Jing and Fu noted,. As Chinas commercialize-oriented reform conserves, sight in academic circles are adjusting their ways of making a living. The Chinese academy of Sciences (CAS), the main organizational em frame of scientific enquiry in China, started its reform in the nitty-gritty 1980s to play the mart get hold of for employ technology. p. 721). In 1993, the CAS elect to move 70% of its supply into investigate associate to economic development and thus more than 50,000 nation began to conduct seek in areas relevant to the market economy (Wang, 1995). It is likewise known tha t a further 10,000 of the reliable CAS staff wee hold out occupancy community or managers as a result of the working out of privy business enterprises (Jing & Fu, 1995). budgetary difficulties are a more adjacent problem for reform. In true countries, psychology can rely on reclusive living.For example, the ratio of close to government backing in the get together States was as high as 1 to 10 in 1990 (see Rosenzweig, 1992), whereas in China there is little tete-a-tete support to which psychologists can turn. If such sustenance does exist, psychology is rarely on the list for support. The insufficiency of bread and butter for question has had an obstinate jolt on introductory search. In an analysis of 2,274 studies amid 1979 and 1988 in developmental and educational psychology involving 362,665 participants, Shi (1990) found that 48. 9% of the studies were utilise interrogation whereas only 8% were describe as basic explore. The rest were more or less rep etitions or adaptations of previous(prenominal) studies or instruments. ) Psychologists in China are predominantly come to with use problems, and interrogation that addresses economic and social problems. This situation was competently described by longsighted (1987) The pressure need was a technocrat in a factory, not a rat in a mule skinner nook (p. 232). An use orientation is graspable in the light of the sedate emphasis put on economic development. It may be judge that psychology lead play an important role in the advance of Chinas present finis to spring up industry, agriculture, science, and technology.The main problems for Chinese psychologists are how to help the nation accomplish these important tasks with minimal financial support and lack of facilities (Jing Fu, 1995). The development of psychology is based on having a sufficient number of people with advanced cooking, and universities are the main source of nurture for psychologists. live spot cour ses in psychology are correspondent to those in the get together States, but Chinese lecturers submit far heavier teaching commitments than their westerly counterparts, and they are a good deal requisite to teach topics well outside their medical specialist areas.The lack of educational funding overly limits access to leash journals and books in the field. Universities in China can sacrifice to ingest to only a few American and European journals, and most newly published incline language books are not getable in the program library or if they are, their use may be dependent. Thus psychological knowledge transmitted to China become female genital organ the time and is less cultivate than that in the West (Jing Fu, 1995, p. 725).At present, there are only six psychology departments and quartet psychology institutions among all the institutions of higher education, although all normal universities and teachers colleges consent psychology curricula and establ ished psychology teaching and research groups. This provision is intelligibly pitiable for future needs. In addition, students often teach in the universities in which they real their degree, leading(a) to a restricted lieu of the discipline. To a certain extent, China essential depend on the developed creative activity for the dressing of its psychologists (Jing & Fu, 1995).This dependency comes through the moment of foreign experts as well as the training ab itinerary of Chinese psychologists at the postgraduate level and the subsequent witticism drain, as many of the latter do not return to China. Another serious problem poignant the development of psychology is that there are no particularised passage paths for students who major in psychology. There is no form postgraduate captain psychology training, and psychology graduates are often trap in low-income jobs. Thus, changeful life prospects throw saturnine away many clever students.Unfortunately many stu dents who chose psychology as a major switch turned to unrelated professions on graduation. following thought The field of psychology has a long road to travel in the lead it pull up stakes reach its adulthood in China. notwithstanding the difficulties mentioned here, recent developments squander revealed some directions for the future. As we stick seen, the development of Chinese psychology is well coupled with the social environment and with government policy, such as the influence of the family prep program and the open door policy. This link impart continue and pass on orient most psychological research toward practicable applications.Given the execrable resources in research and the restrict number of psychologists, the comprehensive and collaborative approach allow greatly facilitate research, teaching, and the functional application of psychology. Chinese psychology has attracted severe interest from all over the valet de chambre in recent years. The r eason for this sinophilia (Leung & Zhang, 1995, p. 696) is because of the increase splendour of China world-wide, both politically and economically. In the next few years, more emphasis testament be put on the shared communication and exchange of ideas with the rest of the world.Chinese psychology forget sure as shooting benefit from learning from occidental advanced psychology. 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